We propose a two-layer, semi-decentralized algorithm to compute a local solution to the Stackelberg equilibrium problem in aggregative games with coupling constraints. Specifically, we focus on a single-leader, multiple follower problem, and after equivalently recasting the Stackelberg game as a mathematical program with complementarity constraints (MPCC), we iteratively convexify a regularized version of the MPCC as inner problem, whose solution generates a sequence of feasible descent directions for the original MPCC. Thus, by pursuing a descent direction at every outer iteration, we establish convergence to a local Stackelberg equilibrium. Finally, the proposed algorithm is tested on a numerical case study, a hierarchical instance of the charging coordination problem of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs).

In this article, we extend the theory of deterministic mean-field/aggregative games to multipopulation games. We consider a set of populations, each managed by a population coordinator (PC), of selfish agents playing a global noncooperative game, whose cost functions are affected by an aggregate term across all agents from all populations. In particular, we impose that the agents cannot exchange information between themselves directly; instead, only a PC can gather information on its own population and exchange local aggregate information with the neighboring PCs. To seek an equilibrium of the resulting (partial-information) game, we propose an iterative algorithm where each PC broadcasts a mean-field signal, namely, an estimate of the overall aggregative term, to its own population only. In turn, we let the local agents react with the best response and the PCs cooperate for estimating the aggregative term. Our main technical contributions are to cast the proposed scheme as a fixed-point iteration with errors, namely, the interconnection of a Krasnoselskij–Mann iteration and a linear consensus protocol, and, under a nonexpansiveness condition, to show convergence towards an ε -Nash equilibrium, where ε is inversely proportional to the population size.