Distributed hydrological models rely on hydrography data such as flow direction, river length, slope and width. For large-scale applications, many of these models still rely on a few flow direction datasets, which are often manually derived. We propose the Iterative Hydrography Upscaling (IHU) method to upscale high-resolution flow direction data to the typically coarser resolutions of distributed hydrological models. The IHU aims to preserve the upstream-downstream relationship of river structure, including basin boundaries, river meanders and confluences, in the D8 format, which is commonly used to describe river networks in models. Additionally, it derives representative sub-grid river length and slope parameters, which are required for resolution-independent model results. We derived the multi-resolution MERIT Hydro IHU dataset at resolutions of 30 arcsec (∼1 km), 5 arcmin (∼10 km) and 15 arcmin (∼30 km) by applying IHU to the recently published 3 arcsec MERIT Hydro data. Results indicate improved accuracy of IHU at all resolutions studied compared to other often-applied upscaling methods. Furthermore, we show that MERIT Hydro IHU minimizes the errors made in the timing and magnitude of simulated peak discharge throughout the Rhine basin compared to simulations at the native data resolutions. As the method is open source and fully automated, it can be applied to other high-resolution hydrography datasets to increase the accuracy and enhance the uptake of new datasets in distributed hydrological models in the future.

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Study region Upper region of the Greater Chao Phraya River (GCPR) basin in Thailand. Study focus This study presents a (∼1 km resolution) distributed hydrological model, wflow_sbm, with global spatial data and parameterization for estimating daily streamflow in the upper GCPR basin, with the aim to overcome in situ data scarcity often occurring in Southeast Asia. We forced the model with the MSWEP V2 precipitation and eartH2Observe potential evapotranspiration datasets. Seamless distributed parameter maps based on pedotransfer functions (PTFs) and literature review were applied to bypass calibration. Only the KsatHorFrac parameter determining the lateral subsurface flow was calibrated. A target storage-and-release-based reservoir operation module (ROM) was implemented to simulate reservoir releases. We compared the simulated daily streamflows obtained from different PTFs and evaluated the model performance in the period 1989–2014. New hydrological insights for the region The global-data-driven wflow_sbm model can reconstruct daily streamflow in the upper GCPR basin, especially for natural catchments (KGE = 0.78). The ROM can capture the seasonal variability of reservoir releases, but not very accurately at the daily timescale (KGE = 0.43) since the actual reservoir operations are too complex. Different PTFs and KsatHorFrac values only introduce little uncertainty in the streamflow results. Therefore, the proposed model provides an opportunity for streamflow estimation in other ungauged or data-scarce basins in Southeast Asia. Nonetheless, the difficulty in the reservoir system modeling reflects the necessity of better understanding of human intervention on daily streamflow.@en

The West African coastal barrier is maintained by significant wave-driven longshore sand transport. This sand originates from rivers and large coastal sand deposits. Today, however, much of the fluvial sand is trapped behind river dams and/or interrupted at several locations by port jetties. As a result, the sandy coastal barrier is eroding almost everywhere along its length.The aim of this study is to derive a large-scale sediment budget analysis, following a consistent approach, for the following countries: Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo and Benin, and pointing out the effects of major human interventions and climate change in this large common sediment system. The results are used as a basis to raise awareness among local governments and organizations on the effects and interdependency that major anthropogenic interventions (i.e. port jetties and river dams) and climate change (i.e. sea level rise, changes in wave climate, precipitation and temperature) may have on this shared sediment system. These detrimental effects can even occur in neighboring countries, as shown by some of the results. This estimation was carried out using a quantitative approach, based on one consistent numerical modelling system and validated with regional and local data.Based on the outcomes of the study, and with the support of a number of validation workshops in the different countries, suggestions are also provided for the setting up of a regional sediment management plan for the entire region.

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