The agglomeration of cohesive particles can deteriorate fluidization quality and cause the defluidization of a bed, which is a common issue found in the applications of fluidized beds. This study aims to gain a better understanding of particle cohesion on agglomeration/fluidization behaviors and the effective methods for achieving a better fluidization quality, through numerical simulations based on the coupled approach of computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method (CFD-DEM). The effects of particle cohesion, gas velocities or flow conditions, and the bed geometry on the agglomeration and fluidization behaviors are analyzed. It is shown that the increase of particle cohesion can lead to deteriorated particle mixing, significant agglomeration of particles, and defluidization of the bed; the agglomeration-induced defluidization of highly cohesive particles is difficult to mitigate in a conventional flat-bottom fluidized bed. As large-sized agglomerates are more frequently found in the bottom of the bed, the spouted gas flow is then utilized and demonstrated to be effective in assisting the deagglomeration and fluidization of highly cohesive particles. Through the comparison of various spouted beds and spouted fluidized beds, the effective design of the bed bottom is identified for achieving a higher fluidization quality. Corresponding mechanisms underlying spout-assisted deagglomeration and fluidization are found to be much related to not only the enhanced particle-fluid but also particle-wall interactions in the confined space of a conical bed bottom, thus explaining the effectiveness and the importance of the bottom conical geometry of spouted beds. The obtained findings may help to understand the agglomeration-induced defluidization of fluidized beds and assist the fluidization of highly cohesive particles by the effective design of spouted beds.

The densification of mono-sized regular octahedral particles under vibration is simulated by a DEM model. The model is validated by physical experiments. The effects of operating parameters including vibration amplitude and frequency are investigated. The obtained packing structures are characterized, and corresponding densification mechanisms are identified. The results indicate that vibration amplitude is more critical for densification compared to frequency, where a wide range of suitable amplitudes exists to realize the dense packing structures. Ordered packing structure exists in boundary region. The central region possesses good particle position randomness and orientation randomness, and the packing density for poured packing (initial loose packing) and vibrated packing (dense packing) in the central region are 0.670 and 0.684, respectively. During densification, contacts and constraints between particles decrease, and the stress within the structure becomes larger. The typical arrangement of neighboring particles is close to but not perfect face to face (F–F) contact. Particles in the boundary region experience more rotations and can form local ordered structures. These structures prevent the relative movement of individual particles but favor their movement as a whole. Particles in the central region have relatively little movement and rotation. The ordered structures formed at boundary is difficult to extend to the central region due to the restricted change of particle contact conditions.