An Experimental Study of Foam Trapping and Foam Mobility in a Model Fracture

Abstract

By trapping gas, foam can improve the sweep efficiency in enhanced oil recovery. In this study, to understand gas trapping in fractures, we have conducted experiments in a model fracture with a hydraulic aperture of 80 μm. One wall of the fracture is rough, and the other wall is smooth. The fracture is made of two glass plates and the direct visualization of foam flow inside the fracture is facilitated using a high-speed camera. ImageJ has been used to perform image analysis and quantify the properties of the foam. We find that pre-generated foam has been further refined inside the model. Foam flow reaches local equilibrium, where the rate of bubble generation equals that of bubble destruction, within the model. Foam texture becomes finer and less gas is trapped as the interstitial velocity and pressure gradient increase. Shear-thinning rheology of foam has also been observed. The behavior of gas trapping in our model fracture is different from that in other geological porous media. The fraction of trapped gas is much lower (less than 7%). At the extreme, when velocity increases to 6.8 mm/s (pressure gradient to 1.8 bar/m), all the foam bubbles are flowing and there is no gas trapped inside the fracture.