Layer by layer coating for bio-functionalization of additively manufactured meta-biomaterials

Journal article (2020)

Authors

S. Amin Yavari Biomaterials & Tissue Biomechanics - Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering , University Medical Center Utrecht, Biomechatronics & Human-Machine Control - Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
M. Croes University Medical Center Utrecht
B. Akhavan The Heart Research Institute, University of Sydney
F. Jahanmard University Medical Center Utrecht
C. C. Eigenhuis University Medical Center Utrecht
S. Dadbakhsh KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Bart C.H. van der Wal University Medical Center Utrecht
H. Weinans University Medical Center Utrecht, Biomaterials & Tissue Biomechanics - Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
A.A. Zadpoor Biomaterials & Tissue Biomechanics - Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
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Research Group
Biomaterials & Tissue Biomechanics (Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering) (TU Delft)
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Published Date

2020

Language

English

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Faculty

Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering

Department

Biomechanical Engineering

Research Group

Biomaterials & Tissue Biomechanics

Abstract

Additive manufacturing has facilitated fabrication of complex and patient-specific metallic meta-biomaterials that offer an unprecedented collection of mechanical, mass transport, and biological properties as well as a fully interconnected porous structure. However, applying meta-biomaterials for addressing unmet clinical needs in orthopedic surgery requires additional surface functionalities that should be induced through tailor-made coatings. Here, we developed multi-functional layer-by-layer coatings to simultaneously prevent implant-associated infections and stimulate bone tissue regeneration. We applied multiple layers of gelatin- and chitosan-based coatings containing either bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 or vancomycin on the surface of selective laser melted porous structures made from commercial pure Titanium (CP Ti) and designed using a triply periodic minimal surface (i.e., sheet gyroid). The additive manufacturing process resulted in a porous structure and met the the design values comparatively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra confirmed the presence and composition of the coating layers. The release profiles showed a continued release of both vancomycin and BMP-2 for 2–3 weeks. Furthermore, the developed meta-biomaterials exhibited a very strong antibacterial behavior with up to 8 orders of magnitude reduction in both planktonic and implant-adherent bacteria and no signs of biofilm formation. The osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells was enhanced, as shown by two-fold increase in the alkaline phosphatase activity and up to four-fold increase in the mineralization of all experimental groups containing BMP-2. Eight-week subcutaneous implantation in vivo showed no signs of a foreign body response, while connective tissue ingrowth was promoted by the layer-by-layer coating. These results unequivocally confirm the superior multi-functional performance of the developed biomaterials.

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