Investigation of Vanillin-Derived Bio-Based Epoxy as a High-Performance Composite Matrix Material

Master thesis (2024)

Authors

B. Kaushik Aerospace Engineering

Contributors

B. Kumru Group Kumru - Aerospace Engineering (mentor)
W.E. Dyer Group Kumru - Aerospace Engineering (mentor)
O.K. Bergsma Group Bergsma - Aerospace Engineering (graduation committee member)
Y. Tang Group Tang - Aerospace Engineering (graduation committee member)
Faculty
Aerospace Engineering
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Published Date

18-10-2024

Language

English

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Faculty

Aerospace Engineering

Abstract

The aerospace sector continues to drive innovations in high-performance materials. These materials however, tend to have energy intensive and emission heavy manufacturing processes. One of the most commonly used materials in aircrafts today are polymer matrix composites consisting of reinforcement fibers and a matrix. While the fibers provide the most strength to the composite, the matrix holds the fibers together and transfers the loads to them. The most commonly used matrix material today is made of BADGE (Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether), a material which is toxic to humans and comes from fossil-based products.

This thesis investigates the viability of a vanillin-derived bio-based alternative, VDE (Vanillyl Alcohol Diglycidyl Ether), to be used in high-performance composites for aerospace applications. VDE monomer is derived from vanillin, which is obtained from lignin, a material present in 35% of woody plants. The VDE-DDS resin system, when cured, exhibited comparable thermal and physical properties, such as glass transition temperature and heat deflection temperature, to traditional aerospace resins like BADGE-DDS. Mechanical testing, including tensile, flexural, and fracture toughness, demonstrated promising results, with VDE-DDS showing higher strength and modulus than BADGE-DDS. The flexural strength was considerably higher in particular. However, its hydrophilic nature led to higher water absorption, a challenge for long-term durability. For further testing, composite specimens were prepared using an autoclave.

Composite specimens reinforced with VDE-DDS displayed greater stiffness and strength under mechanical testing compared to BADGE-DDS in tests of in-plane shear strength, compression and inter-laminar shear strength tests, though BADGE-DDS composites outperformed in low-velocity impact resistance. The impact testing also revealed that BADGE-DDS samples had a higher damage initiation energy while VDE-DDS samples had a higher bending stiffness. Overall, VDE-DDS offers comparable, if not better, thermal and mechanical characteristics to BADGE-DDS. VDE, in summary, presents a compelling case as a potential bio-based alternative for structural aerospace applications.