The project was structured according to the double diamond model and has four different phases; discover, define, develop, and deliver (Design Council, n.d.).

The first phase is the discover phase, which started with research on the packaging industry, the context of the project at Oslo Airport, and the eco-impact of packaging. This phase underlined the different beneficial functions of packaging. However, it also showed the massive impact packaging has on damaging our environment and the complexity of the packaging industry. This complexity comes from the different values of stakeholders, but also from a lack of communication, making it hard to implement change in the industry. From an airport operator position, such as Avinor, it is impossible to reach zero packaging waste without collaboration, as essential changes need to be made from the product source up. To tackle and minimize packaging waste it is required to collaborate with stakeholders throughout the whole supply chain, which is why this project highlights collaboration. Nevertheless, there are many circular solutions already available on the market. However, these solutions are not yet fully optimized to reduce CO2 emissions over the entire product life cycle.

This creates a conflict: while reducing packaging waste at Oslo Airport is the main goal of Avinor and this project, it may not always contribute to achieving a net zero footprint, which is the main objective of TULIPS.

While visiting Oslo Airport different problem areas regarding packaging waste at Oslo Airport were identified. These areas are; single-use pallets, milk packaging, secondary packaging, cardboard, plastic foil, waste station layout/signage, and communication.

In the define phase, the goal for the deliverable was set. Since it was discovered that the packaging industry is complex and implementing existing interventions to minimize waste is not always beneficial, a roadmap to a packaging waste-free future was established as one of the design outcomes alongside a concept for one of the problem areas. This roadmap utilizes the research insights to set goals and propose design interventions for packaging waste reduction in operational processes. As for the concept, the direction of redesigning the layout and signage in the waste station was taken. The design goal set was to; “enable workers who are returning packaging solutions to easily detect the designated areas for these items, enhance trust in the circular packaging economy, and increase capacity for future circular solutions”

In the develop phase the concept and the roadmap were drafted and iterations were made after testing. In the deliver phase the outcomes were presented. The concept makes use of different methods of wayfinding, optimizes the space with signage, and proposes a new layout. A visualization of the redesigned waste station is presented at the end of the report.

This master thesis explores the design and implementation of a sustainable, centralised waste logistics system at Oslo Airport. The project aims to address the challenges of waste management in a high-traffic environment by creating a comprehensive product-service system. The focus is on enhancing waste disposal efficiency, ensuring proper waste separation, reducing waste and promoting circularity within the airport terminal.

The literature review, including qualitative research articles and other published texts, established a theoretical foundation for the project. Key themes from the literature include the importance of centralised waste management systems, the role of technology in waste logistics, barriers to keep in mind that could hinder the transition towards circularity, and the significance of stakeholder involvement in designing sustainable solutions. Semi-structured interviews and observations were conducted to gather insights from various stakeholders, such as food and beverage managers, waste collectors, and store employees at Oslo Airport. And also at other, similar locations. These findings underlined the critical need for a streamlined, efficient waste management system that can adapt to the operational complexities of a major international airport. The identified main problem area’s at Oslo Airport were sub-optimal information provision regarding waste management, a lack in motivation among the people to reduce waste and recycle properly and logistical constraints within the airport infrastructure.

The primary research question guiding this thesis is: "How can a comprehensive product-service system be designed to establish a sustainable and centralised internal waste logistics system at Oslo Airport terminal?"

The design outcome of this project is a conceptual service design tailored for Oslo Airport. The proposed service includes a centralised waste disposal intervention in the form of container hubs placed throughout the terminal, a feedback system for improper waste separation, and a weighing solution for waste measurement, supplemented with a financial disincentive mechanism to stimulate waste reduction. The design leverages advanced technologies such as QR codes for traceability of the waste, cloud data storage, and Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) to enhance operational efficiency. The developed service provides a detailed visualisation of the service and its touchpoints, although further physical development and elaboration of certain components are required.

In conclusion, this thesis presents a strategic and innovative solution for waste management at Oslo Airport, emphasizing sustainability and efficiency. The findings highlight the need for further research to generalise the results across different contexts. Future work should focus on the scalability of the proposed system and addressing the technological dependencies to ensure robust and continuous operations. The project demonstrates the potential of a holistic, centralised waste logistics system to transform waste management practices in the aviation industry.

The full potential of the Dutch residential solar sector is still untapped, as renters face barriers to the adoption of solar PV systems. These barriers are caused by the mismatch between the PV panel lifespan and the rental contract period of rental properties. This thesis studies the implementation of a product-as-a-service business model for the case of balcony PV systems. By virtue of its flexibility, the business model allows tenants to consider solar energy solutions, hence expanding the residential solar PV market. In addition, the business model applies strategies designed to enhance its circularity, which in turn contributes to enhancing the circularity of the Dutch PV sector. Numerous concepts were developed and evaluated to decide on the winning concept, which consists of a compact, modular PV system that can be easily installed on a wide range of balconies while preserving their aesthetics and offering an optional privacy feature. The business model proved to be profitable for both the company and the end-users, with an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) in the range of 6.1 and 7.6% and cost savings ranging between 12 and 17 €/year. From an environmental perspective, electricity generated under this business model was found to have an 80% lower carbon footprint than the electricity drawn from the grid. Ultimately, this research offers interested stakeholders a blueprint for a novel application of the product-as-a-service business model, that if put into practice can accelerate the adoption of solar PV solutions.

The global shift towards sustainability has spotlighted the environmental implications of disposable takeaway coffee cups, particularly their contribution to landfill waste and ocean pollution. This report delves into the pressing challenge of reducing disposable cup waste at Schiphol Airport, especially in light of the impending Dutch regulations effective from 1 January 2024, which prohibit establishments from offering disposable plastic cups for on-site consumption.

Through comprehensive literature review and desktop research, I explored potential market alternatives, analyzing them from regulatory, business, consumer, and sustainability perspectives. My findings suggest that polypropylene (PP) cups are emerging as a preferred alternative to disposable paper cups after considering various factors.

Observations at Schiphol Airport and interviews with passengers provided insights into their preferences and perceived challenges regarding sustainable cup solutions. While there's a general preference for lightweight, portable, and easy-to-dispose cups, some concerns have emerged regarding the cleanliness and hygiene of reusable cups made from new materials, as well as the inconvenience of bringing personal cups to the airport.Stakeholder interviews highlighted challenges they face due to the new regulations, such as limited kitchen space for washing, concerns about brand experience, increased workload for cleaning companies due to improper disposal, and the difficulty of finding a one-size-fits-all solution.

In response to these challenges and insights, I propose a new service system, "Cupmates: Journey to a Zero-Waste Future." This system introduces reusable PP cups, complemented by branded sleeves for various shops, ensuring brand experience. Passengers pay a deposit for the cup and lid, which is refunded upon returning the used items to smart return box equipped with an electronic payment system. An optional QR code provides users with more information about the Cupmates service. The backend process involves a centralized collection, in-airport dishwasher cleaning, and redistribution for the cups.

Feedback from potential users and key stakeholders suggests that this solution is both feasible and viable for airport implementation and satisfactory for passengers. The report also offers recommendations for implementation, ensuring a smooth transition to a more sustainable future at Schiphol Airport. This project offers a possible solution for Schiphol Airport to address the challenges of single-use plastics and transition towards a more sustainable operational model.

Dutch national policy states a goal to rid 7 million homes of natural gas by 2050. Municipalities, along with inhabitants, will determine what is the best alternative technology for gas heating.

There are many challenges to this as municipalities must adapt to a relatively new role and subject matter, coordinate with the inhabitants within their jurisdiction, and ensure that it is economically feasible. This transition towards a sustainable future requires reimagining a whole industry, as well as, the relationship between municipality and inhabitants. This is something that cannot be addressed as an individual, but with the collaboration of numerous stakeholders. Design co-creation is emerging as necessary in complex issues. Using co-creation means considering how to connect different stakeholders, and facilitate collaboration and expression of deeper emotional needs of the participants of co-creation. This project explores how co-creation can support municipalities in achieving their goal of transitioning homes away from gas.

Frame Innovation provides the main structure for this project. First, there is an analysis of the problem situation. Various methods are used for this, for example, interviews were held with important stakeholders in the energy transition and experts in co-creation — civil servants at the municipality level, homeowners, and designers. Second, a frame is presented that explores solutions through a metaphor. The frame was crafted by exploring stakeholders and their underlying values, needs, and motivation. Finally, the frame is used towards designing new solutions. The third section of the project presents the final design concept.

The proposed design concept presented here is a mentorship program called ‘Plan-It Together’. This program is designed for municipalities to support homeowners in adapting their homes so that they are well insulated and are heated using sustainable options. The program connects homeowners who have not made their homes gas-free ready yet, but would like to (mentees), with those in the community who already have (mentor). The program consists of a series of workshops with a complementary toolkit. An implementation roadmap that outlines a plan for a pilot and ways to evaluate it was created. The design concept and roadmap were tested with civil servants and homeowners.

In current LCA studies, the environmental footprint of transport processes is calculated using the weight of the product and the distance travelled. This cannot be considered accurate for returnable packagings that reduce in volume when empty. The weight of the freight as well as the number of trips needed varies and is not taken into account in that calculation. In this research an Excel tool is developed based on an existing CO2 calculation tool created by Partners for Innovation where reduction in volume is taken into account for the environmental calculation of the transportation processes. A factor of reduction of volume is created, which describes to what extent the packaging nests or folds when empty. Next, a calculation is performed that states whether and how many extra trips are needed because of inefficient stacking, or how many trips are saved because of efficient stacking. All of the aforementioned data is used to create a final factor which is in turn multiplied by the amount of ton kilometre in the original calculation. Applying data of fictitious scenarios to the tool shows that the new calculation gives a more precise result regarding CO2 emissions. Furthermore, it shows that nesting of packagings makes a significant positive impact on the CO2 emission as it reduces the number of trips needed to transport the packagings. Lastly, a real-life scenario validates the applicability of the tool in a real situation.

Although manufacturers, designers, product/service providers are innovating for more sustainable products and business models to promote sustainable consumption, there are still gaps between satisfactory user experience and real-sustainable use behaviours. HOMIE.B.V offers pay-per-use household appliances and services to stimulate sustainable user behaviours and aims to achieve a more sustainable white goods industry. The company developed its pay-per-use washing machine model and now introduces a pay-per-use dryer model. However, the service needs to be further developed, and the specific influencing factors of sustainable dryer use behaviours are still unclear. This thesis aimed to figure out the influencing factors in dryer use experiences and investigate how to persuade the users to use a pay-per-use dryer more sustainably. From a literature review and twelve customer interviews, the key influencing factors in accepting and performing sustainable dryer use behaviours were investigated and concluded into a behaviour model. A usage data analysis further proved that financial concern is not a deciding factor of performing sustainable actions, but the convenience concern is. The drivers and barriers generated the design challenge and design requirements, which contribute as a guideline to the design solution. The final design is a service strategy called HOMIE STAR plan, which uses a mobile app as a communication channel for providing a set of services. The service plan has two phases: the onboarding month and every 6-month evaluation. Customers can learn how to make use of the services and tools to dry their laundry sustainably and conveniently in the onboarding month and achieve sustainable goals by becoming a good laundry organizer in daily use. The service patterns to help customers perform sustainable dryer use behaviours are (1)dryer setting instructions with environmental impact; (2) a HOMIE Planner with sustainable-oriented recommendation system that connects to customers' daily schedule; (3)a community with quick Q&A and tips sharing; (4) a rewarding system with usage cost details. The prototyped concept and implementation suggestions were proposed and validated through interviews with potential dryer users, existing HOMIE customers, and HOMIE employees. HOMIE STAR plan made use of the identified influencing factors to persuade users to perform sustainable dryer use behaviours and meanwhile developed HOMIE's pay-per-use model services. The strategy provided HOMIE with a future direction of realizing its service value and sustainable goals on a larger scale and longer-term and suggested potential collaboration opportunities to influence other parts in the supply chain of the white goods industry. The project is focused explicitly on the pay-per-use dryer model but keeps an eye on the entire service of the company. The identified influencing factors and results can inspire other companies who are also trying to stimulate sustainable user behaviours.

The aim of this project was to design an end-of-use experience in a circular economy for the Apple iPhone. The main challenge was to find out what the obstacles were at the end-of-use. During this research it became clear that many consumers don’t do anything with their old phone when they buy a new one. These old iPhones are left forgotten in drawers. For a circular economy to work, consumers need to bring back their old phones to the store. In this way, valuable material won’t go to waste. To understand the user’s perspective, in dept interviews have been performed. It showed from these interviews that many users keep an old phone as a spare phone for when their current phone dies. But that after some time, these spare phones get “replaced” by other old phones. In this way the drawer with old phones is being created. After a while, these phones are left forgotten. The users often don’t know what data is on these phones. They don’t know what to do with it but can’t take distance from it. After the consumer research, the design goal of this research was created: “Users should be able to comfortably and efficiently back-up their data and then delete their personal information, while feeling reassured and confident. The interaction should become a trustworthy and standard operation”. The focus of the project was backing-up data from the iPhone, so that the users could feel reassured and confident about deleting data from their old phones, because they had stored their data somewhere save. This resulted in the final design of this project: BackUps. BackUps is an app where all old iPhones a user has had, are stored. The iPhones stored in BackUps are looking the same as they were when they were in use. To have this overview of old phones, the user might become less attached to the physical device, because they now see that all data has been stored in the BackUps. The data stored is stored in the iCloud. An implementation plan is also given. When users return their phone to the store, they will get storage as an incentive. This storage can be used for the data of their old phones.