The dominant failure mode in the non-welded wrapped composite joints made with GFRP composite material wrapped around steel circular hollow sections (CHS) is characterized as interface debonding. However, in the ultimate load joint experiments, debonding process was merely inferred from the surface strain distribution obtained by the digital image correlation (DIC). A thorough understanding and explicit illustration of debonding mechanism in wrapped composite X-joints is needed with help of finite element modeling (FEM), in order to provide prediction models for design of wrapped composite joints in engineering structures. In this paper, two FE models were developed to simulate the debonding behavior of small-scale and medium-scale wrapped composite 45° X-joints in monotonic tensile tests previously conducted by the authors. A new strategy of modeling complex composite geometry using 4-node tetrahedral elements (C3D4) without defining composite lay-up was proposed. The cohesive zone modeling (CZM) approach was utilized to simulate the debonding behavior of composite-steel interface with introduction of a new four-linear traction-separation law. The generated FE models were validated by good agreement between numerical and experimental results in terms of load-displacement response and surface strain distribution throughout the failure process at two joint scales. The validated models gained good insight into the joint debonding mechanism and determined the surface strain threshold for quantifying the debonding length. Development and validation of the FE models with unique set of parameters aligned well with the experiment results at two different scales is an important step for prediction and design of wrapped composite joints.

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Debonding is characterized as the governing failure mode in the innovative wrapped composite joints made with glass fiber composite material wrapped around steel hollow sections without welding. The prerequisite for predicting debonding failure of wrapped composite joints is to obtain fracture behavior of the composite-steel bonded interface. The mode I fracture behavior of the bonded interface was experimentally investigated using glass fiber composite-steel double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens. The crack length a and the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) during the test were accurately measured by analyzing the digital image correlation (DIC) data while the strain energy release rate (SERR) was calculated through the extended global method (EGM). The cohesive zone modeling (CZM) was utilized in the finite element model with the proposal of a four-linear traction-separation law to simulate the mode I fracture process. An approach is introduced to determine the critical stages of the proposed four-linear cohesive law by combining accurate measurements of crack length a and CTOD, along with SERR values. The validity of the four-linear cohesive law and the introduced approach to determine the critical stages were confirmed by good agreement in both global and local behavior between the testing and the FEA results.

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The dominant failure mode was characterized as debonding in the novel non-welded wrapped composite joint made with GFRP composites wrapped around steel sections. Glass fiber composite-steel three-point end notched flexure (3ENF) and four-point end notched flexure (4ENF) specimens were utilized to experimentally investigate mode II fracture behavior of this composite-steel bonded interface. Two new methods were proposed with the help of digital image correlation (DIC) technique to quantify fracture data during the tests: 1) the “shear strain scaling method” to quantify the crack length a; 2) the asymptotic analysis method based on the longitudinal displacement distribution along the height of the specimen at the pre-crack tip to quantify the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD). To numerically simulate the mode II fracture behavior, a four-linear traction-separation law was proposed in the cohesive zone modeling (CZM) where the softening behavior with a plateau was defined by the authors between traditionally considered initiation and fiber bridging behavior. The experimental and numerical approaches were validated mutually through good matches between the test and FEA results. 3ENF test provided good insight into softening behavior while 4ENF contributed to quantification of fiber bridging. These findings contribute to a more comprehensive characterization and understanding of the ductile fracture behavior of bi-material bonded joints, especially in mode II failure scenarios.

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The concept of an innovative bonded joining technology where welding is not required is presented as an alternative to traditional welded connection for steel circular hollow section (CHS). Wrapped composite joints have potential to greatly improve fatigue endurance when applied in multi-membered truss structures, e.g. offshore jackets for wind turbines. This paper focuses on characterization of influence of chemical bonding resistance, fracture toughness of resins, and steel yielding on debonding of wrapped composite joints. Uniaxial splice joints (A-joints) are made with GFRP composite material wrapped around steel sections, and tested under static tensile loading conditions until failure. Different chemical bonding properties by application of bonding primer, different types of polymer resins and steel grade are used during the wrapping procedure. Debonding on the bonded interface are identified by surface strain measurements through 3D digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Testing results indicate that steel yielding limits full utilization of the resistance of the bonded interface. Wrapped composite A-joints with high-strength steel exhibits 75% larger ultimate load where yielding is prevented. Larger fracture toughness of toughened vinyl-ester resin contributes to 30% larger displacement of the joints at failure compared to regular vinyl-ester and polyester resins.

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Wrapped composite joint is a novel joining technology which connects steel hollow sections through bonding, completely avoiding the welding in the load transferring mechanism. Fatigue performance of wrapped joints has been experimentally shown to be superior over their welded counterparts. Aiming to enable development of prediction methods for fatigue life of wrapped composite joints, this paper proposes a combination of 3D Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique and FE analysis as a method for monitoring debonding crack propagation at a complex composite-to-steel interface covered by a non-uniform thickness laminate. Fatigue tests on wrapped composite X-joints under tensile load are used for the method application and to analyse crack propagation in the brace and chord, including their interaction. Variation of strain distribution on surface of composite wrap obtained in DIC is corelated to length of the debonding crack at the composite-to-steel interface by the means of 3D finite element model of such joint. Crack development obtained from the combined DIC and FEA method is correlated to strain energy release rates calculated from FEA. With the help of FEA, the failure mode is characterised by debonding on the chord at the early stage of cyclic loading, followed by debonding on the brace.

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The concept of an innovative bonded joining technology where welding is not required is presented as an alternative to traditional welded connection for steel circular hollow section (CHS). Wrapped composite joints have potential to greatly improve fatigue endurance when applied in multi-membered truss structures, e.g. offshore jackets for wind turbines. This paper focuses on characterization of resistance and understanding of failure modes of wrapped composite joints in static experiments, as the prerequisite for harvesting its potential for high fatigue endurance. Wrapped composite joints at two scales and with two different angles of X-joint geometry are made with GFRP composite material wrapped around steel sections without welding, and tested in 3 monotonic loading cases, tensile, compression and in-plane bending, until failure. Counterpart welded joints are tested at the smaller scale for stiffness, elastic limit and ultimate load comparisons. Two general failure modes of wrapped composite joints, debonding and fracture of the composite material are identified and quantified by surface strain measurements through 3D digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Testing results indicate that wrapped composite joints have 30% to 56% larger stiffness and 3% to 68% larger ultimate load compared to welded counterparts. Debonding and final pull-out of steel brace member from the composite wrap is predominant failure mode in tensile experiments at both scales while cracking of the composite material is the governing failure mode in the bending experiment. In tensile, compressive and bending experiments failure load of wrapped composite joints exceeds the yield resistance of the steel CHS indicating opportunity to optimize the composite wrapping thickness and length.

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Wrapped composite joint is an innovative technique which connects steel hollow sections through bonding such that the fatigue performance is improved compared to welded joint. In this paper, a DIC-based method of monitoring surface strains is proposed to quantify the debonding crack propagation within the composite wrap layers during high cycle fatigue loading. A constant strain threshold was used to obtain crack length based on strain distribution curves extracted from DIC. Sensitivity analysis of such threshold showed that within the ‘steady strain slope’ region, the influence of threshold choice on calculated crack length is insignificant, but a good choice of threshold can help obtain more stable results. During cyclic loading, it was found that stiffness degradation and crack development of the joint is arrested due to friction effect at the cracked interface. Static tests after cyclic loading showed that the joint can still sustain its original static resistance. @en