Chronic nonbacterial osteitis (CNO) is a rare disease spectrum, which lacks biomarkers for disease activity. Sodium fluoride-18 positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([18F]NaF-PET/CT) is a sensitive imaging tool for bone diseases and yields quantitative data on bone turnover. We evaluated the capacities of [18F]NaF-PET/CT to provide structural and functional assessment in adult CNO. A coss-sectional study was performed including 43 adult patients with CNO and 16 controls (patients referred for suspected, but not diagnosed with CNO) who underwent [18F]NaF-PET/CT at our expert clinic. Structural features were compared between patients and controls, and maximal standardized uptake values (SUVmax [g/mL]) were calculated for bone lesions, soft tissue/joint lesions, and reference bone. SUVmax was correlated with clinical disease activity in patients. Structural assessment revealed manubrial and costal sclerosis/hyperostosis and calcification of the costoclavicular ligament as typical features associated with CNO. SUVmax of CNO lesions was higher compared with in-patient reference bone (mean paired difference: 11.4; 95% CI: 9.4–13.5; p < .001) and controls (mean difference: 12.4; 95%CI: 9.1–15.8; p < .001). The highest SUVmax values were found in soft tissue and joint areas such as the costoclavicular ligament and manubriosternal joint, and these correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate in patients (correlation coefficient: 0.546; p < .002). Our data suggest that [18F]NaF-PET/CT is a promising imaging tool for adult CNO, allowing for detailed structural evaluation of its typical bone, soft-tissue, and joint features. At the same time, [18F]NaF-PET/CT yields quantitative bone remodeling data that represent the pathologically increased bone turnover and the process of new bone formation. Further studies should investigate the application of quantified [18F]NaF uptake as a novel biomarker for disease activity in CNO, and its utility to steer clinical decision making.@en

Background
In metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), using serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels to evaluate treatment response is not always accurate. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of PSMA PET/CT at specific time points for evaluating treatment response and predicting survival in mCRPC patients, compared to PSA.

Methods
Sixty mCRPC patients underwent [18F]PSMA-1007 PET/CT at baseline and for treatment response evaluation of either androgen receptor-targeted agents (after 3 months) or chemotherapy (after completion), and were retrospectively analysed. Visual assessment categorised overall response and response of the worst responding lesion as partial response, stable disease, or progressive disease, using the EAU/EANM criteria. Additionally, percentage changes in SUVmax, total tumour volume and total lesion uptake (tumour volume * SUVmean) were calculated. PSA response was defined according to the PCWG3 criteria. Cox regression analysis identified predictors of overall survival.

Results
PSMA PET/CT and PSA response were discordant in 47 % of patients, and PSMA PET/CT response was worse in 89 % of these cases. Overall response on PSMA PET/CT independently predicted overall survival (progression versus non-progression: HR = 4.05, p < 0.001), outperforming PSA response (progression versus non-progression: HR = 2.53, p = 0.010) and other PSMA PET/CT parameters. Among patients with a PSA decline of > 50 %, 31 % showed progressive disease on PSMA PET/CT, correlating with higher mortality risk (progression versus non-progression: HR = 4.38, p = 0.008). No flare in PSMA uptake was observed in this cohort.

Conclusions
PSMA PET/CT for assessing treatment response at predefined time points was superior to PSA-based response for predicting overall survival in mCRPC patients treated with androgen receptor-targeted agents and chemotherapy. PSMA PET/CT showed the ability to detect disease progression earlier than PSA levels, which can affect treatment decisions and has the potential to improve patient outcomes. We recommend further research to validate these findings in larger patient cohorts, to extend the number of treatments, and to evaluate cost-effectiveness and impact on patient outcomes.@en

Purpose
This study evaluates the semi-quantitative single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) parameters of prone SPECT using [99mTc]Tc-sestamibi and compares them with Molecular Breast Imaging (MBI)-derived semi-quantitative parameters for the potential use of response prediction in women with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC).

Procedures
Patients with proven LABC with a tumor ≥ 2 cm on mammography and an indication for MBI using [99mTc]Tc-sestamibi were prospectively enrolled. All patients underwent a prone SPECT/CT at 5 min (early exam) and an additional scan at 90 min (delayed exam) after injection of 600 MBq [99mTc]Tc-sestamibi to compose wash-out rates (WOR). All patients underwent MBI after early SPECT/CT. Volumes of interest of the primary tumor were drawn semi-automatically on early and delayed SPECT images. Semi-quantitative analysis included maximum and mean standardized uptake values (SUVmax, SUVmean,), functional tumor volume (FTVSPECT), total lesion mitochondrial uptake (TLMU), tumor-to-background ratios (TBRmax and TBRmean), WOR and coefficient of variation (COVSPECT). Subsequently, the FTVSPECT, TBRSPECT and COVSPECT were compared to FTVMBI, TBRMBI and COVMBI.

Results
Eighteen patients were included. Early SUVmax, and TBRmax showed significantly higher interquartile range (IQR) compared to SUVmean and TBRmean, respectively 2.22 (2.33) g/mL, 6.86 (8.69), 1.29 (1.39) g/mL and 3.99 (5.07) (median (IQR), p < 0.05). WOR showed a large IQR (62.28), indicating that there is WOR variation among the LABC patients. FTV showed no difference between MBI and early SPECT semi-quantitative parameter (p = 0.46).

Conclusions
In LABC patients it is feasible to obtain semi-quantitative parameters from prone SPECT/CT. The FTV derived from early prone SPECT/CT is comparable with MBI-based FTV. Studies with comprehensive clinical parameters are needed to establish the clinical relevance of these semi-quantitative parameters, including WOR, for response prediction before its use in clinical routine.@en

Purpose: We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis in which we compared a preoperative [¹⁸F]Fluorocholine PET/CT-based one-stop-shop imaging strategy with current best practice in which [¹⁸F]Fluorocholine PET/CT is only recommended after negative or inconclusive [^99mTc]Tc-methoxy isobutyl isonitrile SPECT/CT for patients suffering from primary hyperparathyroidism. We investigated whether the one-stop-shop strategy performs as well as current best practice but at lower costs. Methods: We developed a cohort-level state transition model to evaluate both imaging strategies respecting an intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitored treatment setting as well as a traditional treatment setting. The model reflects patients’ hospital journeys after biochemically diagnosed primary hyperparathyroidism. A cycle length of twelve months and a lifetime horizon were used. We conducted probabilistic analyses simulating 50,000 cohorts to assess joint parameter uncertainty. The incremental net monetary benefit and cost for each quality-adjusted life year were estimated. Furthermore, threshold analyses regarding the tariff of [¹⁸F]Fluorocholine PET/CT and the sensitivity of [^99mTc]Tc-methoxy isobutyl isonitrile SPECT/CT were performed. Results: The simulated long-term health effects and costs were similar for both imaging strategies. Accordingly, there was no incremental net monetary benefit and the one-stop-shop strategy did not result in lower costs. These results applied to both treatment settings. The threshold analysis indicated that a tariff of €885 for [¹⁸F]Fluorocholine PET/CT was required to be cost-effective compared to current best practice. Conclusion: Both preoperative imaging strategies can be used interchangeably. Daily clinical practice grounds such as available local resources and patient preferences should inform policy-making on whether a hospital should implement the one-stop-shop imaging strategy.

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Purpose: Assessing renal perfusion in-vivo is challenging and quantitative information regarding renal hemodynamics is hardly incorporated in medical decision-making while abnormal renal hemodynamics might play a crucial role in the onset and progression of renal disease. Combining physiological stimuli with rubidium-82 positron emission tomography/computed tomography (⁸²Rb PET/CT) offers opportunities to test the kidney perfusion under various conditions. The aim of this study is: (1) to investigate the application of a one-tissue compartment model for measuring renal hemodynamics with dynamic ⁸²Rb PET/CT imaging, and (2) to evaluate whether dynamic PET/CT is sensitive to detect differences in renal hemodynamics in stress conditions compared to resting state. Methods: A one-tissue compartment model for the kidney was applied to cardiac ⁸²Rb PET/CT scans that were obtained for ischemia detection as part of clinical care. Retrospective data, collected from 17 patients undergoing dynamic myocardial ⁸²Rb PET/CT imaging in rest, were used to evaluate various CT-based volumes of interest (VOIs) of the kidney. Subsequently, retrospective data, collected from 10 patients (five impaired kidney functions and five controls) undergoing dynamic myocardial ⁸²Rb PET/CT imaging, were used to evaluate image-derived input functions (IDIFs), PET-based VOIs of the kidney, extraction fractions, and whether dynamic ⁸²Rb PET/CT can measure renal hemodynamics differences using the renal blood flow (RBF) values in rest and after exposure to adenosine pharmacological stress. Results: The delivery rate (K₁) values showed no significant (p = 0.14) difference between the mean standard deviation (SD) K₁ values using one CT-based VOI and the use of two, three, and four CT-based VOIs, respectively 2.01(0.32), 1.90(0.40), 1.93(0.39), and 1.94(0.40) mL/min/mL. The ratio between RBF in rest and RBF in pharmacological stress for the controls were overall significantly lower compared to the impaired kidney function group for both PET-based delineation methods (region growing and iso-contouring), with the smallest median interquartile range (IQR) of 0.40(0.28–0.66) and 0.96(0.62–1.15), respectively (p < 0.05). The K₁ of the impaired kidney function group were close to 1.0 mL/min/mL. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that obtaining renal K₁ and RBF values using ⁸²Rb PET/CT was feasible using a one-tissue compartment model. Applying iso-contouring as the PET-based VOI of the kidney and using AA as an IDIF is suggested for consideration in further studies. Dynamic ⁸²Rb PET/CT imaging showed significant differences in renal hemodynamics in rest compared to when exposed to adenosine. This indicates that dynamic ⁸²Rb PET/CT has potential to detect differences in renal hemodynamics in stress conditions compared to the resting state, and might be useful as a novel diagnostic tool for assessing renal perfusion.

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Objective Since the end of 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus has infected millions of people, of whom a significant group suffers from sequelae from COVID-19, termed long COVID. As more and more patients emerge with long COVID who have symptoms of fatigue, myalgia and joint pain, we must examine potential biomarkers to find quantifiable parameters to define the underlying mechanisms and enable response monitoring. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential added value of [ ¹⁸F]FDG-PET/computed tomography (CT) for this group of long COVID patients. Methods For this proof of concept study, we evaluated [ ¹⁸F]FDG-PET/CT scans of long COVID patients and controls. Two analyses were performed: semi-quantitative analysis using target-to-background ratios (TBRs) in 24 targets and total vascular score (TVS) assessed by two independent nuclear medicine physicians. Mann-Whitney U-test was performed to find significant differences between the two groups. Results Thirteen patients were included in the long COVID group and 25 patients were included in the control group. No significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between the long COVID group and the control group in the TBR or TVS assessment. Conclusion As we found no quantitative difference in the TBR or TVS between long COVID patients and controls, we are unable to prove that [ ¹⁸F]FDG is of added value for long COVID patients with symptoms of myalgia or joint pain. Prospective cohort studies are necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms of long COVID.

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