Reusing construction materials has become increasingly significant in the context of the Netherlands’s goal to achieve a fully circular economy by 2050. This thesis provides a guideline for the reuse of masonry, emphasising the transition from traditional demolition methods into techniques that facilitate the reuse of masonry elements. The research explores the development of masonry, current practices, and future perspectives, highlighting the environmental gain and durability proceedings.

Masonry, a cornerstone of Dutch residential construction, offers significant potential for reuse due to its durability and historical prevalence. Despite innovations like drystacking and prefabrication, traditional masonry remains dominant. This study underlines the urgency of enhancing masonry reuse in light of the projected increase in new housing construction and subsequent demolitions. The research identifies a gap in the reuse methods of masonry, proposing an approach of cutting out panels from exiting walls for incorporation into new projects.

The thesis begins with a historical overview of masonry and its separate elements, mortar and brick. It traces its development from Roman times to the present. Early masonry in the Netherlands saw the use of tuff stone and brick, evolving through various phases influenced by technological advancements and changes in construction methods. The introduction of cavity walls, the development of different brick bonds, and the use of various mortars are detailed, highlighting the transition from masonry as a structural element to its current role as a (decorative) façade.

Innovations in masonry construction are examined, focussing on drystacking, robotics, and prefabrication. Drystacking allows erecting masonry facades without mortar, facilitating easy disassembly and reuse. While promising, Robotics in masonry construction face challenges in widespread adoption due to the complexity and precision required. Prefabrication, though historically significant, remains underutilised in modern construction.

The thesis analyses the current stock of buildings in the Netherlands, emphasising the potential of masonry reuse. It discusses the materials flow, highlighting the substantial use of bricks and concrete in new construction. The research outlines the demolition trends, noting that older buildings, particularly those from the post-war period, are prime candidates for material recovery.

A significant portion of the thesis is dedicated to the practical aspects of masonry reuse. It describes the process of removing masonry elements, including desk research, visual inspection, and destructive tests. Techniques for sawing, hoisting and transporting masonry panels are discussed, providing a step-by-step guide for practitioners. The study also addresses storage and implementation, emphasising the need for proper handling to maintain the integrity of the reused material.

Durability is a critical concern in masonry reuse. The thesis evaluates structural and climate durability, assessing the properties of masonry elements under various conditions. It explores the impact of frost/thaw cycles, improper joint application, and strategies on the longevity of reused masonry. The research employs DIANA modelling to simulate the structural behaviour of masonry panels, providing insight into their performance during non-conventional boundary conditions of lifting the element from the existing structure.

The environmental impact of masonry reuse is quantified through a life cycle assessment (LCA). The study compares the environmental burdens of reused masonry elements with traditional buildings and reusing masonry bricks. It highlights significant reductions in CO2 emissions and total MKI value in both comparisons.

The thesis concludes with practical recommendations in the form of a guideline, encouraging a shift towards more sustainable building practices. The research emphasises the importance of quality control and standardisation in reusing, ensuring that reused material meets current regulations and performance standards.

By addressing the technical, environmental, and practical aspects of masonry reuse, this thesis contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable construction. It provides a valuable framework to enhance masonry reuse, aligning with the Netherlands' ambition for a circular economy. The guideline presented in this thesis research aims to facilitate the adoption of masonry reuse practices, promoting environmental conservation and resource efficiency in the construction sector.