This study combines several provenance tools, analysis of published structural and geodynamic data, integrated with Low-Temperature Thermochronology (LTT) and time-Temperature Modelling (tTM) to reconstruct the evolution of source-to-sink systems feeding the Essaouira-Agadir Basin (EAB) during the Jurassic (Toarcian, Bathonian, and Kimmeridgian) and Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian and Barremian). LTT and tTM define timing and rate of subsidence and exhumation of the hinterland and allows modelling of the predicted age and lithology of eroding rock units from the most-likely source locations through time. Extrapolation of predicted surface geology allows recognition of the lithology of sedimentary overburden in the hinterland, much of which has been subsequently eroded and is not preserved in the modern surfical geological record. Heavy mineral, petrography and detrital zircon data analysis was carried out on fluvial and shallow marine sandstones sampled from Jurassic and Cretaceous sections across in the EAB. The results document changing sediment source terrains through time. In the Early and Middle Jurassic, the heavy mineral and detrital zircon signature correlates with a Palaeozoic source, suggesting provenance was dominantly from erosion of Cambrian and Ordovician sandstone in the Central and Western Anti-Atlas. From the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, the heavy mineral and zircon signatures have a strong affinity with Triassic sediments. This indicates a provenance switch to the exhuming West Moroccan Arch (MAM and Western Meseta), interpreted to have been largely covered by Triassic continental red beds at the time. The results help in predicting sediment delivery offshore, into the deep-water basin, where sandstones are a target for hydrocarbon exploration. Defining timing of input, location and composition helps to de-risk exploration. All the intervals examined contained discrete fluvial systems entering in the EAB, suggesting multiple periods of clastic delivery. Results suggest the Middle Jurassic and Hauterivian and Barremian intervals offer the optimum time for delivery of coarse clastics to the shelf margin, and potentially into the deep basin. The source to sink maps developed in this study further characterize these systems, their provenance and timing.

Oxfordian (Upper Jurassic) coral buildups developed widely in Tethys and Atlantic realms, during a time when paleoclimate potentially swung between greenhouse climate and cold snaps. Buildups were constructed by platy and branching corals, sponges and microbialites. Although their initiation is commonly linked to the Upper Jurassic global transgression, a number of global and local factors may have influenced buildup growth and demise (e.g. climate, shelf geometry, detrital input). Extensive outcrops of Oxfordian buildups in Morocco provide an opportunity to investigate the relationship between external drivers and buildup fauna and architecture. Here we show that the interplay of local accommodation changes, rising sea water temperature, and increasing pCO₂ linked to the onset of the Middle Oxfordian global transgression were the main drivers for buildup initiation, which was synchronous across the basin. The demise of the coral buildups in Morocco was linked to a regression, dated no later than Upper Oxfordian, the establishment of partly evaporitic conditions across the basin, and to localized influx of coarse-grained siliciclastics, the latter likely driven by synsedimentary tectonic activity. Serial logged sections, outcrop panoramas and detailed facies analysis show that low-relief deeper-water buildups of Dimorpharaea platy corals evolved into higher-relief diversified buildups where shallower-water reworking produced coral rubble and large clinoforms. Buildup diachronicity is apparent, with younger coral bioherms growing in the depressions created between the initial bioherms. Size of buildups ranges from 2 m wide and 0.5 m thick, to 700 m wide and 80 m thick. The outcrops provide constraints on geobody architecture and heterogeneity in the subsurface of Morocco and North America, where facies-controlled dolomitization of high-energy buildup and clinoform facies is a main driver for porosity development.

A major global marine transgression occurred during the Callovian to Early Kimmeridgian, which was interrupted locally by a hiatus during the Late Callovian to Early Oxfordian. The transgression may have been a major driver for extensive coral buildup development in the Oxfordian. The depositional hiatus may be related to a combination of eustasy, local tectonic activity and hinterland movements, highlighting the potential influence of tectonism on sedimentary evolution in sedimentary basins. Whilst a regional Late Callovian-Early Oxfordian hiatus has been recorded extensively in the Tethys realm, this study has improved the biostratigraphic and sedimentary record from Morocco, and for the first time documents the Late Callovian-Early Oxfordian depositional hiatus in the Atlantic realm. Detailed sedimentary facies analysis of Callovian to Oxfordian carbonates and siliciclastics (Ouanamane Formation) demonstrates a major transgression from continental and coastal sediments, through oolitic mid-inner ramp deposits, brachiopod-rich middle ramp deposits, and ultimately to outer ramp marls, sharply overlain by Middle Oxfordian coral buildups across the basin. Repeated hard- and firmgrounds and bioturbated bed tops highlight transgressive surfaces traceable basinwide, which suggests low sedimentation rates in the upper Ouanamane Formation. Localized siliciclastic input is evidence for episodes of erosion in the same interval. Collection of new fossil specimens (ammonites, brachiopods, echinoderms, foraminifera) and revision of existing fossil material suggest this interval corresponds to a hiatus or condensed section in the Callovian-Oxfordian transition. The uppermost part of the Ouanamane Formation is of early Middle Oxfordian age and is directly overlain by Middle Oxfordian coral buildups. Onset of buildup construction is considered synchronous based on the new biostratigraphic data. Observations in Moroco compare with the sedimentary evolution around the Tethys, and in particular with the Arabian Plate. The Callovian-Oxfordian depositional hiatus corresponds to eustatic sea level changes, which were possibly driven by global cooling, and was likely overprinted by local tectonics.

Evaporite mobilisation in evaporite-cored anticlines leads to topographic growth that can alter sedimentary routing in shallow marine environments. This paper analyses two evaporite-cored anticlines perpendicular to the NW Africa coast to understand how their tectonic evolution influenced sediment pathways during the Early to Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous exhumation of the Mesozoic margin hinterland. The Essaouira-Agadir Basin in Morocco underwent evaporite deposition during the Atlasic and Atlantic rifting. Subsequent loading and tectonics resulted in re-mobilisation and generation of a variety of evaporite structures. Structural data obtained from analysis of Google Earth images processed using Move 2D allowed derivation of the thickness of sedimentary units on both flanks of the structures. Integrated with sedimentary logs from nine locations around evaporite-cored structures and two onshore wells, this data constrains the depositional record and allow an assessment of siliciclastic flux in the Essaouira-Agadir Basin. The results show the importance of syn-sedimentary evaporite tectonics on basin morphology, which influences the distribution of clastics delivered by fluvial systems and deepwater processes into the basin. This paper constrains the evolution of the Amsittène and Imouzzer anticlines in the Early to Middle Jurassic and support that their growth is associated with halokinesis. Mesozoic syn-sedimentary fold growth would have provided an important control on sediment discharge pathways and on the location of sediment entry points on the shelf margin, that ultimately fed deep water fan systems. This knowledge is key to predict the reservoir presence on the eastern margin of the Central Atlantic Ocean and to some extent, its conjugate margin in Nova Scotia.

Passive margins are traditionally regarded as tectonically quiescent, however the increasing recognition of significant post-rift tectonic uplift along their flanks offers an important control on sediment delivery. The most extensive record of the early post-rift succession of the Central Atlantic Margin (CAM) is found in the Lower and Middle Jurassic outcrops of the Essaouira-Agadir Basin (EAB). This important succession is characterised by alternating deposition of marine carbonates and paralic siliciclastics that correlate with periods of tectonic activity along the margin, rejuvenating sediment input to the basin. Field observations, well data and petrographic analysis are integrated into a coherent sedimentological model, correlated across the basin within a sequence stratigraphic framework. Comparison is drawn with equivalent dated units in the Central High Atlas, which allows a constraint on the regional versus local tectonostratigraphic evolution. In the EAB, Upper Sinemurian to Lower Pliensbachian open marine ramp carbonates record an initial transgression. They are only preserved locally in the north of the basin, below a major fluvial erosion surface that is regionally traceable across the basin and incisive into the Pliensbachian, CAMP basalts or Triassic sediments. In the Central High Atlas (CHA), the correlative fluvial erosive event has been dated as Toarcian in age. This influx of siliciclastic sediments is interpreted to have been sourced from the Meseta and/or the Anti-Atlas, supporting recent apatite-fission track thermochronology that indicates erosional exhumation at this time. During the Upper Toarcian, a regional carbonate platform, dominated by peritidal deposits, developed across the EAB in response to renewed marine transgression. Facies include oolitic and bioclastic grainstones, crystalline dolomite, stromatolites and dissolution breccias or evaporites. Overlying Middle Jurassic shallow-marine and fluvial siliciclastics encroached from south of the basin (possibly related to a potential source area in the Anti-Atlas), while to the north shallow marine carbonates dominated. These observations evidence the role of tectonic movements of the hinterland during a passive margin phase as a mechanism to trigger forced regressions, compensating the effect of eustasy.

Continental passive margins and their hinterlands in the Atlantic realm have been the locus of many Low Temperature Thermochronology (LTT) and time-Temperature (t-T) modelling studies that evidence pre-, syn- and post-rift episodic km-scale exhumation and burial episodes. In this study, we integrate data from over 30 published LTT and t-T modelling studies from Morocco and its surroundings using a three-step workflow to obtain: (a) exhumation/burial rates, (b) erosion rates and (c) palaeoreconstructions of source-to-sink domains, between the Permian and the Present. Our synthesis of available t-T modelling results predicts high exhumation rates in the Anti-Atlas (0.1 km/Myr) during the Early to Middle Jurassic, and in the High Atlas (0.1 km/Myr) and Rif (up to 0.5 km/Myr) during the Neogene. These rates are comparable to values typical of rift flank, domal or structural uplifts settings. During the other investigated periods, exhumation rates in the Meseta, High-Atlas, Anti-Atlas and Reguibat shield are around 0.04 ± 0.02 km/Myr. Interpolation of the exhumation rates at the regional scale allow calculation of the volume of rocks eroded. Estimates of erosion rates are between 0.2 x 10³ and 7.5 x 10³ km³ (in the Meseta and the Reguibat Shield respectively). Ten erosional (quantitative, from interpolation results) and depositional (qualitative, from data synthesis) “source-and-sink” maps have been constructed, with emphasis on the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. The maps integrate the extent of exhumed domains, using information from geological maps, lithofacies and biostratigraphic data from new geological fieldwork and well data from onshore and offshore basins. The results illustrate changes in the source-to-sink systems and allow for a better understanding of the Central Atlantic margin hinterlands evolution.