Background:
Progress tests (PT) are used to assess students on topics from all medical disciplines. Progress testing is usually one of the assessment methods of the cognitive domain. There is limited knowledge on how positioning of the PT in a program of assessment (PoA) influences students’ PT scores, use of PT feedback and perceived learning value.

Methods:
We compared PT total scores and use of a PT test feedback (ProF) system in two medical courses, where the PT is either used as a summative assessment or embedded in a comprehensive PoA and used formatively. In addition, an interview study was used to explore the students’ perception on use of PT feedback and perceived learning value.

Results:
PT total scores were higher, with considerable effect sizes (ESs) and students made more use of ProF when the PT was embedded in a comprehensive PoA. Analysis of feedback in the portfolio stimulated students to look for patterns in PT results, link the PT to other assessment results, follow-up on learning objectives, and integrate the PT in their learning for the entire PoA.

Conclusions:
Embedding the PT in an assessment program designed according to the principles of programmatic assessment positively affects PT total scores, use of PT feedback, and perceived learning value.@en

Purpose: This study aims to provide an overview of type and frequency of musculoskeletal complaints among urologists. In addition, the urologists' knowledge about ergonomic conditions during minimally invasive urology was assessed, and they were asked how they would prefer to gain knowledge about this topic. Materials and Methods: An online and hard copy version questionnaire was administered to urologists from different countries, mainly from Europe, performing endourology and laparoscopy. Results: Of the 285 respondents, 245 (86.0%) urologists experienced musculoskeletal complaints in the past 12 months and 62.1% were considered to be work related. Most common areas for chronic complaints were neck, back, and shoulders. Almost 50% of the urologists experienced chronic musculoskeletal complaints, for which endourology (odds ratio [OR] 3.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.37-6.80) and laparoscopy (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.27-2.28) were significant risk factors. One third of the urologists considered their knowledge about ergonomics minimal, and 8% stated that they had no knowledge about these topics. Fifty percent of the respondents preferred to integrate information about ergonomic rules into hands-on training of urologic skills. Conclusion: High prevalence of experienced musculoskeletal complaints was found among urologists predominantly related to endourology and laparoscopy. Urologists indicate that they have a lack of knowledge about ergonomics in the operating room. Hence, we recommend integration of ergonomics in hands-on training programs early in the residency curriculum to gain knowledge and awareness and hopefully to offer possibilities to prevent these complaints in the future.

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