Background: Gait analysis has been used for decades to quantify knee function in patients with knee osteoarthritis; however, it is unknown whether and to what extent inter-laboratory differences affect the comparison of gait data between studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to perform an inter-laboratory comparison of knee biomechanics and muscle activation patterns during gait of patients with knee osteoarthritis. Methods: Knee biomechanics and muscle activation patterns from patients with knee osteoarthritis were analyzed, previously collected at Dalhousie University (DAL: n = 55) and Amsterdam UMC, VU medical center (VUmc: n = 39), using their in-house protocols. Additionally, one healthy male was measured at both locations. Both direct comparisons and after harmonization of components of the protocols were made. Inter-laboratory comparisons were quantified using statistical parametric mapping analysis and discrete gait parameters. Results: The inter-laboratory comparison showed offsets in the sagittal plane angles, moments and frontal plane angles, and phase shifts in the muscle activation patterns. Filter characteristics, initial contact identification and thigh anatomical frame definitions were harmonized between the laboratories. After this first step in protocol harmonization, the offsets in knee angles and sagittal plane moments remained, but the inter-laboratory comparison of the muscle activation patterns improved. Conclusions: Inter-laboratory differences obstruct valid comparisons of gait datasets from patients with knee osteoarthritis between gait laboratories. A first step in harmonization of gait analysis protocols improved the inter-laboratory comparison. Further protocol harmonization is recommended to enable valid comparisons between labs, data-sharing and multicenter trials to investigate knee function in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

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Objective: To evaluate muscle activation patterns and co-contraction around the knee in response to walking with modified gait patterns in patients with medial compartment knee-osteoarthritis (KOA). Design: 40 medial KOA patients walked on an instrumented treadmill. Surface EMG activity from seven knee-spanning muscles (gastrocnemius, hamstrings, quadriceps), kinematics, and ground reaction forces were recorded. Patients received real-time visual feedback on target kinematics to modify their gait pattern towards three different gait modifications: Toe-in, Wider steps, Medial Thrust. The individualized feedback aimed to reduce their first peak knee adduction moment (KAM) by ≥ 10%. Changes in muscle activations and medial/lateral co-contraction index during the loading response phase (10–35% of the gait cycle) were evaluated, for the steps in which ≥ 10% KAM reduction was achieved. Results: Data from 30 patients were included in the analyses; i.e. all who could successfully reduce their KAM in a sufficient number of steps by ≥ 10%. When walking with ≥ 10% KAM reduction, Medial Thrust gait (KAM − 31%) showed increased flexor activation (24%), co-contraction (17%) and knee flexion moment (35%). Isolated wider-step gait also reduced the KAM (− 26%), but to a smaller extent, but without increasing muscle activation amplitudes and co-contraction. Toe-in gait showed the greatest reduction in the KAM (− 35%), but was accompanied by an increased flexor activation of 42% and hence an increased co-contraction index. Conclusion: Gait modifications that are most effective in reducing the KAM also yield an increase in co-contraction, thereby compromising at least part of the effects on net knee load.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the learning process of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) patients learning to change their foot progression angle (FPA) over a six-week toe-in gait training program. Sixteen patients with medial KOA completed a six-week toe-in gait training program with real-time biofeedback. Patients walked on an instrumented treadmill while receiving real-time feedback on their foot progression angle (FPA) with reference to a target angle. The FPA difference (difference between target and actual FPA) was analyzed during i) natural walking, ii) walking with feedback, iii) walking without feedback and iv) walking with a dual-task at the start and end of the training program. Self-reported difficulty and abnormality and time spent walking and training were also analyzed. The FPA difference during natural walking was significantly decreased from median 6.9 to median 3.6° i.e. by 3.3° in week six (p < 0.001); adding feedback reduced FPA difference to almost zero. However the dual-task condition increased the FPA difference at week one compared to the feedback condition (median difference: 1.8°, p = 0.022), but after training this effect was minimized (median difference: 0.6°, p = 0.167). Self-reported abnormality and difficulty decreased from median 5 to 3 and from median 6 to 3 on the NRS respectively (p < 0.05). Patients with medial KOA could reduce the FPA difference during natural walking after the gait retraining program, with some evidence of a reduction in the cognitive demand needed to achieve this. Automation of adaptions might need support from more permanent feedback using wearable technologies.

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Objectives Wearing a soft knee brace has been shown to reduce self-reported knee instability in persons with knee OA. There is a need to assess whether a soft knee brace has a beneficial effect on objectively assessed dynamic knee instability as well. The aims of the study were to evaluate the effect of a soft knee brace on objectively assessed dynamic knee instability and to assess the difference in effect between a non-tight and a tight soft knee brace in persons with knee OA. Methods Thirty-eight persons with knee OA and self-reported knee instability participated in a laboratory study. A within-subject design was used comparing no brace vs brace and comparing a non-tight vs a tight brace. The primary outcome measure was dynamic knee instability, expressed by the perturbation response (PR). The PR reflects deviation in the mean knee varus-valgus angle during level walking after a controlled mechanical perturbation. Linear mixed-effect model analysis was used to evaluate the effect of a brace on dynamic knee instability. Results Wearing a brace significantly reduced the PR compared with not wearing a brace (B = -0.16, P = 0.01). There was no difference between a non-tight and a tight brace (B = -0.03, P = 0.60). Conclusion This study is the first to report that wearing a soft knee brace reduces objectively assessed dynamic knee instability in persons with knee OA. Wearing a soft brace results in an objective improvement of knee instability beyond subjectively reported improvement. Trial registration Nederlands Trial register (trialregister.nl) NTR6363@en

Objective: To evaluate 1) the relationship between the knee contact force (KCF) and knee adduction and flexion moments (KAM and KFM) during normal gait in people with medial knee osteoarthritis (KOA), 2) the effects on the KCF of walking with a modified gait pattern and 3) the relationship between changes in the KCF and changes in the knee moments. Method: We modeled the gait biomechanics of thirty-five patients with medial KOA using the AnyBody Modeling System during normal gait and two modified gait patterns. We calculated the internal KCF and evaluated the external joint moments (KAM and KFM) against it using linear regression analyses. Results: First peak medial KCF was associated with first peak KAM (R² = 0.60) and with KAM and KFM (R² = 0.73). Walking with both modified gait patterns reduced KAM (P = 0.002) and the medial to total KCF ratio (P < 0.001) at the first peak. Changes in KAM during modified gait were moderately associated with changes in the medial KCF at the first peak (R² = 0.54 and 0.53). Conclusions: At the first peak, KAM is a reasonable substitute for the medial contact force, but not at the second peak. First peak KFM is also a significant contributor to the medial KCF. At the first peak, walking with a modified gait reduced the ratio of the medial to total KCF but not the medial KCF itself. To determine the effects of gait modifications on cartilage loading and disease progression, longitudinal studies and individualized modeling, accounting for motion control, would be required.

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Background: Gait modifications can reduce the knee adduction moment, a representation of knee loading. Reduced loading may help to slow progression of medial knee osteoarthritis. We aimed to investigate the response of patients with medial knee osteoarthritis to direct feedback on the knee adduction moment as a method for modifying the gait pattern, before and after training with specific gait modifications. Methods: Forty patients with medial knee osteoarthritis underwent 3D gait analysis on an instrumented-treadmill, while receiving real-time feedback on the peak knee adduction moment. Patients were trained with three different modifications; toe-in, wider steps and medial thrust gait. The response to real-time feedback on the knee adduction moment was measured before and after training. To evaluate the short term retention effect, we measured the changes without feedback. We also evaluated the effects on the knee flexion moment and at the hip and ankle joints. Findings: With direct feedback on the knee adduction moment, patients were initially unable to reduce the knee adduction moment. After training with specific modifications, peak knee adduction moment was reduced by 14% in response to direct feedback. Without feedback a 9% reduction in peak knee adduction moment was maintained. Hip moments were not increased with modified gait, but small increases in ankle adduction moment and knee flexion moment were observed. Interpretation: Real-time biofeedback directly on the knee adduction moment is a promising option for encouraging gait modifications to reduce knee loading, however only when combined with specific instructions on how to modify the gait.

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Background: Gait retraining interventions using real-time biofeedback have been proposed to alter the loading across the knee joint in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Despite the demonstrated benefits of these conservative treatments, their clinical adoption is currently obstructed by the high complexity, spatial demands, and cost of optical motion capture systems. In this study we propose and evaluate a wearable visual feedback system for gait retraining of the foot progression angle (FPA). Methods: The primary components of the system are inertial measurement units, which track the human movement without spatial limitations, and an augmented reality headset used to project the visual feedback in the visual field. The adapted gait protocol contained five different target angles ranging from 15 degrees toe-out to 5 degrees toe-in. Eleven healthy participants walked on an instrumented treadmill, and the protocol was performed using both an established laboratory visual feedback driven by optical motion capture, and the proposed wearable system. Results and conclusions: The wearable system tracked FPA with an accuracy of 2.4 degrees RMS and ICC=0.94 across all target angles and subjects, when compared to an optical motion capture reference. In addition, the effectiveness of the biofeedback, reflected by the number of steps with FPA value ±2 degrees from the target, was found to be around 50% in both wearable and laboratory approaches. These findings demonstrate that retraining of the FPA using wearable inertial sensing and visual feedback is feasible with effectiveness matching closely an established laboratory method. The proposed wearable setup may reduce the complexity of gait retraining applications and facilitate their transfer to routine clinical practice.

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