The Shifted Boundary Method (SBM) belongs to the class of unfitted (or immersed, or embedded) finite element methods, and relies on reformulating the original boundary value problem over a surrogate (approximate) computational domain. The surrogate domain is constructed so as to avoid cut cells and the associated problematic implementation and numerical integration issues. Accuracy is maintained by modifying the original boundary conditions using Taylor expansions: hence the name of the method, that shifts the location and values of the boundary conditions. In this article, we extend the SBM to the simulation of incompressible Stokes flow, by appropriately weighting its variational form with the elemental volume fraction of active fluid. This approach allows to drastically reduce spurious pressure oscillations in time, which are produced if the total volume of active fluid were to change abruptly over a time step. The proposed Weighted SBM (W-SBM) exactly preserves states of hydrostatic equilibrium, and induces small mass and momentum conservation errors, which converge as the grid is refined. This is in analogy to cutFEMs and related unfitted approaches, which rely on an affine representation of cut boundaries. We demonstrate the robustness and accuracy of the proposed method with an extensive suite of two-dimensional tests.

We propose a Lagrangian solid mechanics framework for the simulation of salt tectonics and other large-deformation geomechanics problems at the basin scale. Our approach relies on general elastic-viscoplastic constitutive models to characterize the deformation of geologic strata, in contrast with the majority of published works on the subject, which utilize nonlinear Stokes flow models. By means of multiscale asymptotics, we also show that the inertia term in the momentum balance equation can be safely neglected, if the goal is to track the Earth's crust deformation over long periods of time. Our time integration strategy is a blended transient/quasistatic approach, in that it consists of a constitutive stress update, subject to the constraint that the stresses must satisfy static equilibrium. In addition, we use stabilized finite element methods specifically built for triangular and tetrahedral grids, which can also perform well under incompressibility constraints. Our approach offers computational geologists the following advantages: (1) improved flexibility in the choice of subsurface constitutive models with respect to the nonlinear Stokes flow; (2) improved efficiency over transient dynamics algorithms used in this context in the past, which are forced to resolve seismic events over geologic time scales; and (3) improved robustness in large strain computations over quadrilateral/hexahedral finite elements. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach with simulations of passive diapirism.

In this article, we develop a dynamic version of the variational multiscale (D-VMS) stabilization for nearly/fully incompressible solid dynamics simulations of viscoelastic materials. The constitutive models considered here are based on Prony series expansions, which are rather common in the practice of finite element simulations, especially in industrial/commercial applications. Our method is based on a mixed formulation, in which the momentum equation is complemented by a pressure equation in rate form. The unknown pressure, displacement, and velocity are approximated with piecewise linear, continuous finite element functions. To prevent spurious oscillations, the pressure equation is augmented with a stabilization operator specifically designed for viscoelastic problems, in that it depends on the viscoelastic dissipation. We demonstrate the robustness, stability, and accuracy properties of the proposed method with extensive numerical tests in the case of linear and finite deformations.