This paper shows a numerical replication of a laboratory-scale free fall cone penetrometer test of marine clay. The numerical simulation involves large deformations and considers the destructuration of clay, strain rate effects, and non-linear material behaviour. The numerical simulation well replicates the laboratory experiment captured on a high-speed camera. The penetration process is replicated accurately in time, and the depth of the penetration corresponds to that obtained in an experiment. The simulation results indicate that the numerical framework implemented in Uintah software, consisting of an advanced soil model and the Generalized Interpolation Material Point Method, is well-suited for replication of the dynamic penetration process in soft and sensitive marine clay.@en

The paper shows a numerical simulation of a fall cone test done on a soft and sensitive marine clay sample collected from the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea. The simulation involves large deformations and takes into account the destructuration of clay, strain rate effects, and non-linear material behaviour. First, the analysed fall cone test was captured with a high-speed camera (1000 frames/sec). MATLAB image processing tools helped to quantify the cone displacement, velocity, and acceleration during the indentation process. Further, we simulate the process of indentation of the cone into the soils using the Generalized Interpolation Material Point Method (GIMP). In the simulation, the undrained shear strength of soil (𝑠𝑢) is taken as a function of strain rate to consider the effect of strain rate on cone indentation, as well as a function of destructuration. The presented numerical simulation replicates well the shown experiment. The simulation results indicate that the present material framework, along with GIMP, can be used to simulate the dynamic penetration process on soft and sensitive clay.@en

The paper gives an overview of Material Point Method and shows its evolution over the last 25 years. The Material Point Method developments followed a logical order. The article aims at identifying this order and show not only the current state of the art, but explain the drivers behind the developments and identify what is currently still missing. The paper explores modern implementations of both explicit and implicit Material Point Method. It concentrates mainly on uses of the method in engineering, but also gives a short overview of Material Point Method application in computer graphics and animation. Furthermore, the article gives overview of errors in the material point method algorithms, as well as identify gaps in knowledge, filling which would hopefully lead to a much more efficient and accurate Material Point Method. The paper also briefly discusses algorithms related to contact and boundaries, coupling the Material Point Method with other numerical methods and modeling of fractures. It also gives an overview of modeling of multi-phase continua with Material Point Method. The paper closes with numerical examples, aiming at showing the capabilities of Material Point Method in advanced simulations. Those include landslide modeling, multiphysics simulation of shaped charge explosion and simulations of granular material flow out of a silo undergoing changes from continuous to discontinuous and back to continuous behavior. The paper uniquely illustrates many of the developments not only with figures but also with videos, giving the whole extend of simulation instead of just a timestamped image.

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