Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) improves the flexibility and programmability of the 5G network by applying the Software-Defined Network (SDN) principles. O-RAN defines a near-real time Radio Intelligent Controller (RIC) to decouple the RAN functionalities into the control and user planes. Although the O-RAN security group offers several countermeasures against threats, RIC is still prone to attacks. In this letter, we introduce a novel attack, named Bearer Migration Poisoning (BMP), that misleads the RIC into triggering a malicious bearer migration procedure. The adversary aims to change the user plane traffic path and causes significant network anomalies such as routing blackholes. BMP has a remarkable feature that even a weak adversary with only two compromised hosts could launch the attack without compromising the RIC, RAN components, or applications. Based on our numerical results, the attack imposes a dramatic increase in signalling cost by approximately 10 times. Our experiment results show that the attack significantly degrades the downlink and uplink throughput to nearly 0 Mbps, seriously impacting the service quality and end-user experience.

Purpose: Information literacy is defined as discrete abilities that a person requires to have in order to find, assess, use and share information. As information literacy skills play a prominent role in the students' academic achievement, students and in particular international students coming to continue their postgraduate studies in other countries may face problems in finding and using library services. The purpose of this paper is to explore and investigate the information literacy skills, challenges and needs of international and domestic students at the Finnish universities. Design/methodology/approach: This paper uses a mixed-methods design. Quantitative data were collected through an online survey (82 respondents) and qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 10 international and 10 domestic students. Findings: Academic library services are used but in different ways. The findings indicate that international students have a relatively low level of information literacy skills compared to domestic students and faces various challenges, especially in the beginning of their studies. Research limitations/implications: The study was exploratory, and data were collected from limited number of Finnish universities and may not be representative of the underlying population. Practical implications: Academic libraries should provide effective courses on research methods and library services to the international students while keeping in mind the international students language and cultural barriers. Originality/value: This is one of the first attempts in information literacy research that focusses on international and domestic students' information literacy skills at the higher education environment. As such, the results provided in this paper can help librarians and decision-makers at the higher education environments to plan better and become more efficient in delivering information services meeting students' information needs and expectations.