Models of products and design processes are key to interacting with engineering designs and managing the processes by which they are developed. In practice, companies maintain networks of many interrelated models which need to be synthesised in the minds of their users when considering issues that cut across them. This article considers how information from product and design process models can be integrated with a view to help manage these complex interrelationships. A framework highlighting key issues surrounding model integration is introduced and terminology for describing these issues is developed. To illustrate the framework and terminology, selected modelling approaches that integrate product and process information are discussed and organised according to their levels and forms of integration. Opportunities for further work to advance integrated modelling in engineering design research and practice are discussed.

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While product models and process models have a long standing transiting, there are few models that integrate the two type of models. Those that exist are research systems, which even if validated in industry do not have a broad uptake to date. This paper develops an integrated framework for product and process models based on the purpose the models are put it building on a model of Browning and Ramasesh. Selected integrated model are classified according to the framework. This revealed the no model to date gives equal weight to product and process models.

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The Contact and Channel Approach (CC-A) has been developed to support the decomposition and design of technical systems. It is based on the principle that function and form emerge together during design, and therefore should be considered together in a design representation. This paper discusses the theory underlying the CC-A, and describes its formalization and implementation in a software tool. The approach is applied to model the system architecture of a humanoid robot arm considering the impact of a proposed design change. This illustrates some of the main benefits of the Contact and Channel Approach: helping designers visualize, understand and communicate the complex dependencies between function and form in a system architecture.@en

To support the development and analysis of engineering designs at the embodiment stage, designers work iteratively with representations of those designs as they consider the function and form of their constituent parts. Detailed descriptions of "what a machine does" usually include flows of forces and active principles within the technical system, and their localization within parts and across the interfaces between them. This means that a representation should assist a designer in considering form and function at the same time and at different levels of abstraction. This paper describes a design modelling approach that enables designers to break down a system architecture into its subsystems and parts, while assigning functions and flows to parts and the interfaces between them. In turn, this may reveal further requirements to fulfil functions in order to complete the design. The approach is implemented in a software tool which provides a uniform, computable language allowing the user to describe functions and flows as they are iteratively discovered, created and embodied. A database of parts allows the user to search for existing design solutions. The approach is illustrated through an example: modelling the complex mechanisms within a humanoid robot.

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The early design of mechanical systems is critical because it constrains options later in the design process. In this early stage of the design process, designers must consider customer requirements, how they are related to system functionality and how these requirements and functions are implemented in the physical interactions between components and sub-systems. This paper proposes an approach by which the Contact and Channel Model (C&CM) can be applied to support this stage of embodiment design. The proposed approach is implemented in a computer support tool and illustrated through a simple example. A number of opportunities for further work to extend and evaluate the approach are identified. We argue that our approach offers a unique way to consider the functionality of a design alongside the parts, surfaces and physical effects which embody that functionality, and provides an intuitive representation which could help designers iteratively develop and express this relationship.@en

When designing complex products such as robots or jet engines, companies face the problem that designers lack the necessary tools to predict the behaviour of the product in the case of component change, and to assess the risks associated with decisions. Product models allow companies and individual designers to reason about product properties. The information in the model can be used to analyse the properties of a product before decisions are taken about potential modifications. To meet time and budget constraints it is vital to have the ability to predict the risks of knock-on effects before a change is implemented and select alternative changes accordingly. This paper introduces a comparison of two product models used in the Change Prediction Method (CPM) and the Contact & Channel Model (C&CM). It analyses ways where both approaches can benefit and complement each other in analysing and predicting product change.@en