A multiscale gradient computation method for multiphase flow in heterogeneous porous media is developed. The method constructs multiscale primal and dual coarse grids, imposed on the given fine-scale computational grid. Local multiscale basis functions are computed on (dual-) coarse blocks, constructing an accurate map (prolongation operator) between coarse- and fine-scale systems. While the expensive operations involved in computing the gradients are performed at the coarse scale, sensitivities with respect to uncertain parameters (e.g., grid block permeabilities) are expressed in the fine scale via the partial derivatives of the prolongation operator. Hence, the method allows for updating of the geological model, rather than the dynamic model only, avoiding upscaling and the inevitable loss of information. The formulation and implementation are based on automatic differentiation (AD), allowing for convenient extensions to complex physics. An IMPES coupling strategy for flow and transport is followed, in the forward simulation. The flow equation is computed using a multiscale finite volume (MSFV) formulation and the transport equation is computed at the fine scale, after reconstruction of mass conservative velocity field. To assess the performance of the method, a synthetic multiphase flow test case is considered. The multiscale gradients are compared against those obtained from a fine-scale reference strategy. Apart from its computational efficiency, the benefits of the method include flexibility to accommodate variables expressed at different scales, specially in multiscale data assimilation and reservoir management studies.@en

We present an efficient multiscale (MS) gradient computation that is suitable for reservoir management studies involving optimization techniques for, e.g., computer-assisted history matching or life-cycle production optimization. The general, algebraic framework allows for the calculation of gradients using both the Direct and Adjoint derivative methods. The framework also allows for the utilization of any MS formulation in the forward reservoir simulation that can be algebraically expressed in terms of a restriction and a prolongation operator. In the implementation, extra partial derivative information required by the gradient methods is computed via automatic differentiation. Numerical experiments demonstrate the accuracy of the method compared against those based on fine-scale simulation (industry standard). @en