Compositional simulation is computationally intensive for high-fidelity models due to thermodynamic equilibrium relations and the coupling of flow, transport and mass transfer. In this report, two methods for accelerated compositional simulation are outlined and demonstrated for a gas vaporization problem. The first method uses a proxy model that reduces the number of components and the second method reduces the number of grid blocks (i.e. upscaling). Both methods are implemented within the operator-based linearization framework of the Delft Advanced Research Terra Simulator.

Lebesgue integration is applied in the loss function of a neural network allowing the neural network to discover the operator space of the reference model in reduced dimensions. Training is carried out for a one-dimensional homogeneous reservoir and minimizes the misfit of the leading and trailing shocks of a compressible pseudo-binary model with respect to observations of the reference model. The operator space of the pseudo-binary model is initially approximated with the method of multiscale reconstruction of physics, a numerical representation of the method of characteristics. Training is carried out in a two-stage transfer learning scheme to increase computational efficiency. In the first stage, neural networks are trained to approximate the analytical reconstruction. In the second stage, a solver is embedded in the loss function of the neural network and the forward solution is used to calculate the Lebesgue integral. The transfer training scheme minimizes the misfit of the leading and trailing shocks for 10 discrete time steps in a one-dimensional homogeneous reservoir. The misfit of the trained model shows a significant improvement in the location of the trailing shock and a modest improvement in the estimation of the leading shock. The trained proxy is applied to the top and bottom 15 layers of the SPE10 model and the estimation of the first and last breakthrough is assessed in conjunction with the error of the phase-state classification. The phase-state classification is significantly improved through time which is also expressed in improvements of the estimation of breakthrough times. The average difference in breakthrough time for the trained and untrained models with respect to the reference model is 293days versus 570days for the trailing shocks and 15days versus 16days for the leading shock. The established training framework enables the development of proxies with increased complexity.

Rigorous upscaling defines the upscaled operator space with dynamic and non-equilibrium thermodynamic upscaling functions. These functions combined, define the upscaled operator space for the three-dimensional compositional space and are inferred from data points gathered from a limited, characteristic portion of the full-size model. Gathered data points are interpreted with an interpolation function or neural networks to construct structured OBL meshes for implementation within DARTS. This upscaled operator space can effectively be used for different boundary conditions without reevaluating the upscaling functions.

Evaluating an adequate computer model representing the characteristics of a subsurface reservoir is of great importance in the oil and gas industry. With recent data acquisition developments, high-resolution geological models can be generated for the subsurface reservoirs; however, uncertainties of geological data and too many details in the model have brought up remarkable limitations for application of high-fidelity geo-models in reservoir management. To generate efficient low-resolution models, which are relatively representative of the reservoir dynamic behaviour, data-driven models are proposed. The data-driven models are trained principally based on the production history of the reservoir with primary knowledge of structural information. The Data-driven Discrete Well Affinity (DiWA) model is designed to generate efficient proxy models that require basic geological information and full production history of the reservoir. Since it benefits the computational power of the Delft Advanced Terra Simulator (DARTS) and adjoint gradient-based optimization, the DiWA model has become an efficient framework in terms of accuracy and computational costs. This research shows that the DiWA model can relatively reconstruct the reference reservoir parameters out of an ensemble of priors, and the final results can be improved utilizing closer prior knowledge to the true response. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the performance of the DiWA model in a complex, realistic oil field can be enhanced using a comprehensive objective function, applying appropriate well controls, understanding the underlying driving mechanisms, using sufficient degrees of freedom, and applying consistent boundary conditions.