Cirrusclouds play a crucial role in the Earth’s energy budget. They reflect incomingsunlight and absorb and re-emit terrestrial infrarred radiation. The magnitudeof these components depends on the cirrus microphysical properties (e.g., icecrystal number and effective diameter), which can result in either net warmingor cooling effects. This thesis investigates the differences in thoseproperties of high- and mid-latitude cirrus, as well as their interactions withatmospheric aerosol and aviation-induced contrail cirrus. To explore thesedifferences, cirrus clouds were measured with the German research aircraft HALO(High Altitude and LOng Range) during the CIRRUS-HL (CIRRUS at High Latitudes)campaign in June and July 2021. A total of 24 flights and 35 hours of in situ measurementsof cirrus particle data were collected with the Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP), theCloud Imaging Probe Grayscale (CIPG) and the Precipitation Imaging Probe (PIP).A comprehensive intercomparison among the instruments, along with a detaileduncertainty analysis, was performed, resulting in an accurate andquality-controlled data set. The results of these measurements show thathigh-latitude cirrus, compared to midlatitude cirrus, have lower median icenumber concentration (0.001 and 0.0086 cm−3), higher median effective diameter(210 and 165 µm), and lower median extinction coefficient (0.042 and 0.072 m−1,respectively). In addition, high relative humidity over ice is observed,particularly at high latitudes, with median values around 125%. The influence ofthe formation region on cirrus properties was assessed by combiningmeasurements with weather model data and backward trajectories starting at theflight tracks. The results show that a large part of the high-latitude cirruswere formed at mid-latitudes, leading to different properties compared tocirrus formed directly at high latitudes. Simulations from anaerosol-chemistry-climate model were combined with the backward trajectoriesand a strong contribution of heterogeneous nucleation was identified in the measuredcirrus. Thus, the low concentrations of ice nucleating particles at highlatitudes (from the model) combined with high ice supersaturation levels mightexplain the lower ice number concentration and larger effective diameter ofcirrus measurements at high latitudes compared to mid-latitudes. Aviationemissions have a large local impact on the cirrus microphysical properties throughcontrail formation and their evolution to contrail cirrus. The CIRRUS-HL data setshows a higher occurrence of contrail cirrus at mid-latitudes, and a potentialimpact on natural cloudiness by reducing supersaturation levels at cirrusaltitudes. The effect of contrails from future propulsion technologies maydepend on background aerosol concentrations. Comparisons of measurements andmodel data for total aerosol number concentrations show good agreement for thelarger particle size mode (> 250 nm), but likely an underestimation above300 hPa in the Aitken mode (> 12 nm). By combining observations with modeldata, this study contributes to enhancing the understanding of the variabilityin cirrus properties due to different formation mechanisms and aerosolinfluences, as well as the interaction of natural and contrail cirrus.
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Despite their proven importance for the atmospheric radiative energy budget, the effect of cirrus on climate and the magnitude of their modification by human activity is not well quantified. Besides anthropogenic pollution sources on the ground, aviation has a large local effect on cirrus microphysical and radiative properties via the formation of contrails and their transition to contrail cirrus. To investigate the anthropogenic influence on natural cirrus, we compare the microphysical properties of cirrus measured at mid-latitude (ML) regions (<60 N) that are often affected by aviation and pollution with cirrus measured in the same season in comparatively pristine high latitudes (HLs; ≥60 N). The number concentration, effective diameter, and ice water content of the observed cirrus are derived from in situ measurements covering ice crystal sizes between 2 and 6400 μm collected during the CIRRUS-HL campaign (Cirrus in High Latitudes) in June and July 2021. We analyse the dependence of cirrus microphysical properties on altitude and latitude and demonstrate that the median ice number concentration is an order of magnitude larger in the measured mid-latitude cirrus, with 0.0086 cm^-3, compared to the high-latitude cirrus, with 0.001 cm^-3. Ice crystals in mid-latitude cirrus are on average smaller than in high-latitude cirrus, with a median effective diameter of 165 μm compared to 210 μm, and the median ice water content in mid-latitude cirrus is higher (0.0033 gm^-3) than in high-latitude cirrus (0.0019 gm^-3). In order to investigate the cirrus properties in relation to the region of formation, we combine the airborne observations with 10 d backward trajectories to identify the location of cirrus formation and the cirrus type, i.e. in situ or liquid origin cirrus, depending on whether there is only ice or also liquid water present in the cirrus history, respectively. The cirrus formed and measured at mid-latitudes (M-M) have a particularly high ice number concentration and low effective diameter. This is very likely a signature of contrails and contrail cirrus, which is often observed in the in situ origin cirrus type. In contrast, the largest effective diameter and lowest number concentration were found in the cirrus formed and measured at high latitudes (H-H) along with the highest relative humidity over ice (RHi). On average, in-cloud RHi was above saturation in all cirrus. While most of the H-H cirrus were of an in situ origin, the cirrus formed at mid-latitudes and measured at high latitudes (M-H) were mainly of liquid origin. A pristine Arctic background atmosphere with relatively low ice nuclei availability and the extended growth of few nucleated ice crystals may explain the observed RHi and size distributions. The M-H cirrus are a mixture of the properties of M-M and H-H cirrus (preserving some of the initial properties acquired at mid-latitudes and transforming under Arctic atmospheric conditions). Our analyses indicate that part of the cirrus found at high latitudes is actually formed at mid-latitudes and therefore affected by mid-latitude air masses, which have a greater anthropogenic influence.

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