In the digital era, XML data is fundamental for various applications, requiring robust methods to ensure data integrity and security. Traditional digital watermarking techniques face challenges due to XML's hierarchical structure. Zero-watermarking, which derives a watermark from
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In the digital era, XML data is fundamental for various applications, requiring robust methods to ensure data integrity and security. Traditional digital watermarking techniques face challenges due to XML's hierarchical structure. Zero-watermarking, which derives a watermark from inherent data properties without altering the data, offers a promising alternative. This paper enhances zero-watermarking robustness for XML by integrating usability queries to filter functional dependencies (FDs) based on their relevance. This approach maintains watermark integrity even when some data elements are modified, provided the data's usability is preserved. The proposed method increases resilience against targeted attacks altering semantic information while preserving usability. Key contributions include incorporating usability queries into the FD-based zero-watermarking process, generating cover ranges for usability queries, and empirically testing the method's robustness.