The waste problem is a homework for all countries, especially high-populated developing countries like Indonesia. The country is predicted to be the fifth largest waste generating country, with most of its waste still going to the landfill. Our study aims to review policy challenges for Indonesia in implementing waste management measures, especially compared to some benchmark countries, which include Germany, Netherlands, and Denmark. These countries are considered as frontrunners in waste to energy implementation. Although several similar waste management policies in EU countries have been partially implemented in Indonesia, its implementation can still be improved. A full implementation requires several top-down and bottom-up approaches involving the participation of informal sectors and their associations. Indonesia should also identify other technologies than refuse-derived fuels to optimize waste usage for energy. @en

Indonesia was once one of the main players in incandescent lamp markets. However, Indonesian lighting manufacturers cannot compete with cheaper imported compacted fluorescent (CFL) and light-emitting diode (LED) lamps; consequently, their market share has significantly reduced. Furthermore, the absence of compulsory standard has led to an abundance of low-quality and low-cost lamps coming from foreign manufacturers. This study aims to propose policies to improve the market share of domestic lighting manufacturers. Data were collected through a survey and series of interviews and focus groups discussions. A causal loop diagram was then drawn based on insights from the primary data to propose systematically arranged policies. The results suggested five recommendations: disseminating local lamp brands through compulsory use in government institutions and state-owned enterprises, implementing MEPS, securing commitments from construction planners and contractors to use local lamps, mandating enforced permit for imported LED lamps, and investing in the LED chip industry. These policy recommendations are expected to increase the market share of local lighting manufacturers. @en