To investigate the influence of high-pressure and shear effects introduced by a concentrated oxygen supply system on the membrane filtration performance, a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) fed artificial municipal wastewater was operated continuously for 80 days in four phases equipped with different aerations systems: (P1) bubble diffusers (days 0–40), (P2) concentrated oxygen supply system, the supersaturated dissolved oxygen (SDOX) (days 41–56), (P3) bubble diffusers (days 57–74), and (P4) SDOX (days 75–80). Various sludge physical-chemical parameters, visual inspection of the membrane, and permeability evaluations were performed. Results showed that the high-pressure effects contributed to fouling of the membranes compared to the bubble diffuser aeration system. Biofouling by microorganisms appeared to be the main contributor to the cake layer when bubble diffusers were used, while fouling by organic matter seemed to be the main contributor to the cake layer when SDOX was used. Small particle size distribution (PSD) (ranging from 1 to 10 and 1–50 μm in size) fractions are a main parameter affecting the intense fouling of membranes (e.g., formation of a dense and thin cake layer). However, PSD alone cannot explain the worsened membrane fouling tendency. Therefore, it can be assumed that a combination of several factors (which certainly includes PSD) led to the severe membrane fouling caused by the high-pressure and shear.

The use of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in wastewater treatment has continuously expanded. As an alternative to conventional analytical methods for monitoring constituents in wastewater treatment processes, the use of NIR spectroscopy is considered to be cost-effective and less time-consuming. NIR spectroscopy does not distort the measured sample in any way as no prior treatment is required, making it a waste-free technique. On the negative side, one has to be very well versed with chemometric techniques to interpret the results. In this study, filtered and centrifuged wastewater and sludge samples from a lab-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) were analysed. Two analytical methods (conventional and NIR spectroscopy) were used to determine and compare major wastewater constituents. Particular attention was paid to soluble microbial products (SMPs) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) known to promote membrane fouling. The parameters measured by NIR spectroscopy were analysed and processed with partial least squares regression (PLSR) and artificial neural networks (ANN) models to assess whether the evaluated wastewater constituents can be monitored by NIR spectroscopy. Very good results were obtained with PLSR models, except for the determination of SMP, making the model qualitative rather than quantitative for their monitoring. ANN showed better performance in terms of correlation of NIR spectra with all measured parameters, resulting in correlation coefficients higher than 0.97 for training, testing, and validation in most cases. Based on the results of this research, the combination of NIR spectra and chemometric modelling offers advantages over conventional analytical methods.

Conventional diffused aeration systems (such as fine-bubble diffusers) exhibit a poor oxygen transfer in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), particularly when operating at sludge concentrations higher than 15 g L⁻¹. The supersaturated dissolved oxygen (SDOX) system has been proposed as an alternative for supplying dissolved oxygen (DO) at high mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations. The advantages introduced by such technology include the possibility of operating WWTPs at much higher than usual MLSS concentrations, increasing the treatment capacity of WWTPs. Recent studies have demonstrated that the SDOX system has higher oxygen transfer rates (OTRs) and oxygen transfer efficiencies (OTEs) relative to fine-bubble diffusers. However, it is unknown if the high-pressure conditions introduced by SDOX may possibly impact the biological performance of WWTPs. In this study, the effects of SDOX technology on the biological performance of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) were evaluated. The MBR was operated at an MLSS concentration of approximately 15 g L⁻¹ in four phases as follows: (P1) with bubble diffusers, (P2) with an SDOX unit, (P3) with the bubble diffusers, and (P4) with the SDOX unit. The performance of the MBR was assessed by monitoring the sludge concentration, as well as changes in the particle size distribution (PSD), sludge activity, organic matter removal and nitrification performance, and changes in the microbial community within the MBR. The operational conditions exerted by the SDOX technology did not affect the concentration of active biomass during the study period. The biological performance of the MBR was not affected by the introduction of the SDOX technology. Finally, the microbial community was relatively stable although some variations at the family and genus level were evident during each of the study phases. Therefore, the SDOX system can be proposed as an alternative technology for DO supply in WWTPs increasing the overall treatment capacity.

Oxygen transfer in wastewater treatment is significantly influenced by the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS). The effect is more pronounced at MLSS concentrations higher than 20 g L⁻¹ when supplying air by conventional diffused aeration systems. The oxygen transfer performance of a supersaturated oxygenation technology (i.e., the supersaturated dissolved oxygen (SDOX) system) was evaluated in clean water and in activated sludge with MLSS concentrations from 4 to 40 g L⁻¹ as a promising technology for uncapping such limitation. The evaluation was carried out at the laboratory facilities of the faculty of food technology and biotechnology at the University of Zagreb. The sludge was collected from a full-scale conventional activated sludge (CAS) wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) operated at a solid retention time (SRT) of approximately 5 days. The evaluation was carried out using a laboratory-scale setup consisting of a bench-scale SDOX system (2.75 L) supplying pure oxygen to a 5 L biological reactor. The SDOX exhibited oxygen mass transfer rate coefficient (K_La) values (2.6 h⁻¹) in clean water lower than for fine bubble diffusers (11 h⁻¹). However, higher oxygen transfer rate (OTR) values and alpha factors (mass transfer ratio of process-water to clean-water) as a function of the MLSS concentration were observed. A standard oxygen transfer efficiency (SOTE) of approximately 100 % in clean water was reported. The SDOX technology can be presented as a promising alternative for supplying dissolved oxygen (DO) into mixed liquor solutions; particularly, at the high MLSS concentrations required by high-loaded membrane bioreactor (HL-MBR) systems and aerobic digesters.

The operation of membrane bioreactors (MBRs) at higher than usual mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations may enhance the loading rate treatment capacity while minimizing even further the system’s footprint. This requires operating the MBR at the highest possible MLSS concentration and biomass activity (e.g., at high loading rates and low solid retention times (SRTs)). Both a negative effect of the MLSS concentrations and a positive effect of the SRT on the oxygen transfer have been reported when using conventional fine bubble diffusers. However, most of the evaluations have been carried out either at extremely high SRTs or at low MLSS concentrations eventually underestimating the effects of the MLSS concentration on the oxygen transfer. This research evaluated the current limitations imposed by fine bubble diffusers in the context of the high-loaded MBR (HL-MBR) (i.e., high MLSS and short SRT—the latter emulated by concentrating municipal sludge from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) operated at a short SRT of approximately 5 days). The high MLSS concentrations and the short SRT of the original municipal sludge induced a large fraction of mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) in the sludge, promoting a large amount of sludge flocs that eventually accumulated on the surface of the bubbles and reduced the free water content of the suspension. Moreover, the short SRTs at which the original municipal sludge was obtained eventually appear to have promoted the accumulation of surfactants in the sludge mixture. This combination exhibited a detrimental effect on the oxygen transfer. Fine bubble diffusers limit the maximum MLSS concentration for a HL-MBR at 30 g L ⁻¹ ; beyond that point is either not technically or not economically feasible to operate; an optimum MLSS concentration of 20 g L ⁻¹ is suggested to maximize the treatment capacity while minimizing the system’s footprint.

The objective of this study was to assess the possibility of retrofitting an existing full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) based on a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology with the enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process. Wastewater characterisation showed highly variable influent composition that fluctuated throughout the year with a rather low and unstable SBOD/TP ratio (SBOD—soluble biological oxygen demand; TP—total phosphorus), which is considered unfavourable for EBPR. Characterisation of the sludge showed that the non-EBPR SBR sludge from the WWTP Koprivnica contained no detectable phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAO), but could be transformed in a laboratory into EBPR performing sludge in less than 45 days under favourable conditions for PAOs. The microbial community composition was assessed using an FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) analysis, which confirmed that the original sludge from the WWTP, which did not have detectable PAOs, was transformed into the sludge enriched by PAOs belonging to the genus ‘Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis’ after 43 days of cultivation. A plant retrofit, based on the results of laboratory experiments, was proposed with the enrichment of the wastewater with volatile fatty acids via primary anaerobic fermentation and step feeding. Results of mathematical modelling (BioWin) showed that such strategy could lead to sufficient P removal through EBPR in this WWTP.