Lining techniques for the treatment of structurally damaged canvas paintings have been in use since at least the seventeenth century, with on-going invention, development, and refinement. These systems can be categorised based on their adhesive component – natural or synthetic – or by their application procedure, such as water-based, hot-melt, cold-lining, nap-bond lining, or mist-lining. The choice of lining system is often influenced by geographical practice and individual expertise rather than purely material-technical considerations, as comprehensive data for benchmarking different systems is limited in both literature and practice. This paper aims to address this gap in knowledge by comparing various lining adhesives and their application techniques. The adhesives under examination include glue-paste, wax-resin, BEVA® 371, Plextol® B500, and Dispersion K360:Plextol® D512. Mock-linings were designed to reduce variables and ensure standardisation. Previously reported recipes and descriptions of studio application techniques were used where possible to create the mock-linings. These were subsequently subjected to stress/strain through exposure to cyclic fluctuations in relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T) to simulate mechanical-physical ageing. Both unaged and aged samples underwent lap-shear and T-peel tests according to ASTM standards, as reported in earlier studies. The data presented here can assist conservators and scientists in establishing requirements and making informed decisions tailored to the specific needs of each painting. Results indicate that each lining technique has its own limitations, and the suitability of a given technique will depend on the type of treatment necessary for stabilising individual paintings.@en

Canvas paintings are prone to environmental ageing. Hence, the structural conservation of canvas paintings may require lining, a process in which a secondary canvas is adhered to the reverse of the damaged original canvas to provide additional support. Choosing the optimum adhesive in combination with a lining method is crucial and yet challenging, as they should preferably be mechanically and chemically stable and reversible for at least 100 years. Comprehensive data on thermal and long term mechanical behaviour of prevalently used adhesives and their bonded assemblies to canvas is scarce and yet necessary to enable conservators for a proper choice of the materials in terms of durability. In this study, four prevalently used adhesives in the conservation of canvas paintings are investigated and their creep performance is evaluated and benchmarked at three different temperatures and environmental relative humidities (RHs). These adhesives are either bio-based (animal glue-starch paste and beeswax-dammar resin mixtures), or synthetic (BEVA® 371 and an aqueous Plextol™ D540/K360 dispersion mixture). Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) technique is used to study the thermal transitions at different RHs. T-peel and lap shear tests are performed to determine the fracture behaviour and shear strength respectively. An in-house built creep set-up equipped with environmental control is developed which allows investigation of the mechanical creep for different canvas bonded assemblies. The results demonstrate the effects of temperature and relative humidity on the creep behaviour of lined canvases, which are related to their physical response. Moreover, the animal glue-starch paste shows the best creep mechanical performance for this application, while the Plextol^TM acrylic dispersion mixture in combination with Mist-Lining is a better alternative when both environment and reversibility are considered.

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The mechanical behavior of adhesives is strongly influenced by a large number of variables, relating to a complex interaction of mechanical-physical-chemical factors, such as its loading direction (shear, peel), the temperature and the environmental relative humidity (RH). These variables can have a large influence on the durability of restored art objects where thermoplastic adhesives have been used as a consolidant. This study aims to characterise the mechanical and physical behavior of some adhesives commonly used polymers by conservators as consolidants to restore cultural objects such as canvas paintings or historic wooden furniture. Twelve commercially available natural and synthetic adhesive materials were tested. The influence of RH at room temperature on the mechanical and physical properties of the adhesives was investigated. Shear and peel experiments were performed on adhesively bonded wood and canvas coupon to establish mechanical characterisation. The physical properties of the adhesives were determined by performing moisture adsorption measurements and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The results of this study demonstrate that synthetic adhesive products are able to resist higher shear and peel loads than natural types. Moreover, the influence of important changes in RH on the mechanical properties of the adhesives was demonstrated. Reflecting on the combined data derived from shear and peel tests with the adhesive's sensitivity to moisture will help conservators to select the most suitable adhesives for their applications to achieve optimal durability and the best mechanical performance in versatile environmental conditions.

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The structural conservation of canvas paintings may require lining, a process in which a secondary canvas is adhered to the reverse of the damaged original canvas to provide additional support. Choosing the optimum adhesive or canvas for lining is challenging. Comprehensive data on thermal and mechanical behaviour of different adhesives to enable the conservator to make informed choices for their treatment purposes is scarce. Hence, in this study, four prevalently used adhesives for lining are chosen and their thermal and mechanical behaviour, such as the glass transition and melting temperatures, static lap shear strength and creep resistance, are compared. Thermal properties of the different adhesives are characterised using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Furthermore, the effect of temperature cycles (25, 35, and 45°C at a fixed relative humidity of 48%) on the creep behaviour of lined canvases is evaluated. Lap shear and creep experiments are performed on lined canvas mock-ups. The four adhesives tested are: studio formulations of an animal glue-wheat flour paste, as well as a beeswax-damar resin mixture; a patented formula based on an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer mixture (BEVA 371 O.F.™); and a mixture of two industrially produced acrylic copolymers (Plextol™ D541 and K360). The results demonstrate the remarkable effect of temperature on the creep behaviour of lined canvases, which can be related to their thermal stability.

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