Urban areas are dynamic systems, in which different infrastructural, social and economic subsystems continuously co-evolve. As such, disruptions in one system can propagate to another. However, open challenges remain in (i) assessing the long-term implications of change for resilience and (ii) understanding how resilience propagates throughout urban systems over time. Despite the increasing reliance on data in smart cities, few studies empirically investigate long-term urban co-evolution using data-driven methods, leading to a gap in urban resilience assessments. This paper presents an approach that combines Getis-ord Gi* statistical and correlation analyses to investigate how cities recover from crises and adapt by analysing how the spatial patterns of urban characteristics and their relationships changed over time. We illustrate our approach through a study on Helsinki’s road infrastructure, socioeconomic system and built-up area from 1991 to 2016, a period marked by a major socioeconomic crisis. By analysing this case study, we provide insights into the co-evolution over more than two decades, thereby addressing the lack of longitudinal studies on urban resilience.

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Rapid urbanization has posed challenges to accessibility to critical services that require in-depth analysis. Complex networks theory has been used to evaluate the evolution of network topologies or the overall accessibility of transportation systems. However, topological metrics to explain the temporal changes in accessibility levels do not fully capture the dynamics and implications of accessibility to specific critical services. In this study, we address this gap and investigate the opportunities of using a self-avoiding random walk (SARW) algorithm to evaluate and explain the evolution of spatial accessibility to education facilities. We used hotspot analysis to understand the temporal changes and investigated changes in hot and cold spots over time. Furthermore, we explored the relationship between the network indicators and the SARW-based accessibility metric. We illustrated this method in a case study from Helsinki, where large-scale open data spanning from 1991 to 2016 is available. Our findings indicate that the SARW-based metric delivers more detailed node-level results than the traditional isochrone-based metric. The latter generates accessibility zones where accessibility is assumed to be uniform, while the SARW metric captures the dynamic nature of educational facility accessibility more accurately. The developed methodology helps to identify the impacts on the historical development of accessibility and can be applied to investigate accessibility to other critical services.@en

Increasing urbanization, impervious space, and the impact of climate change are threatening the future of cities. Nature-based solutions, specifically urban green infrastructures, are seen as a sustainable strategy to increase resilience against extreme weather events, including the escalating occurrence of stormwater runoff flooding. Consequently, urban planners and decision-makers have pushed their efforts toward implementing green infrastructure solutions to reduce the impact of stormwater floods. Among others, green roofs help store water and decrease stormwater runoff impacts on a local scale. This research aims to investigate the effect of surface permeability and green roof implementation on reducing stormwater flooding and subsequently provide urban planners with evidence-based geospatial planning recommendations to improve urban resilience in Helsinki. First, we modeled the current impact of stormwater flooding using the Arc-Malstrom model in Helsinki. The model was used to identify districts under high stormwater flood risk. Then, we zoomed in to a focus area and tested a combination of scenarios representing four levels of green roof implementation, two levels of green roof infiltration rates under 40-, 60-, 80-, 100 mm precipitation events on the available rooftops. We utilized open geographic data and geospatial data science principles implemented in the GIS environment to conduct this study. Our results showed that low-level implementation of green roofs with low retention rates reduces the average flood depth by only 1 %. In contrast, the maximum green roof scenario decreased most of the average flood depth (13 %) and reduced the number of vulnerable sites. The proposed methodology can be used for other cities to develop evidence-based plans for green roof implementations.@en

The challenges for sustainable cities to protect the environment, ensure economic growth, and maintain social justice have been widely recognized. Along with the digitization, availability of large datasets, Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are promising to revolutionize the way we analyze and plan urban areas, opening new opportunities for the sustainable city agenda. Especially urban spatial planning problems can benefit from ML approaches, leading to an increasing number of ML publications across different domains. What is missing is an overview of the most prominent domains in spatial urban ML along with a mapping of specific applied approaches. This paper aims to address this gap and guide researchers in the field of urban science and spatial data analysis to the most used methods and unexplored research gaps. We present a scoping review of ML studies that used geospatial data to analyze urban areas. Our review focuses on revealing the most prominent topics, data sources, ML methods and approaches to parameter selection. Furthermore, we determine the most prominent patterns and challenges in the use of ML. Through our analysis, we identify knowledge gaps in ML methods for spatial data science and data specifications to guide future research.@en

The Covid19 crisis has highlighted once more that socio-economic inequalities are a main driver of vulnerability. Especially in densely populated urban areas, however, these inequalities can drastically change even within neighbourhoods. To better prepare for urban crises, more granular techniques are needed to assess these vulnerabilities, and identify the main drivers that exacerbate inequality. Machine learning techniques enable us to extract this information from spatially geo-located datasets. In this paper, we present a prototypical study on how Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to analyse the distribution of labour and residential characteristics in the urban area of Helsinki, Finland. The main goals are twofold: 1) identify patterns of socio-economic activities, and 2) study spatial inequalities. Our analyses use a grid of 250x250 meters that covers the whole city of Helsinki, thereby providing a higher granularity than the neighbourhood-scale. The study yields four main findings. First, the descriptive statistical analysis detects inequalities in the labour and residential distributions. Second, relationships between the socio-economic variables exist in the geographic space. Third, the first two Principal Components (PCs) can extract most of the information about the socio-economic dataset. Fourth, the spatial analyses of the PCs identify differences between the Eastern and Western areas of Helsinki, which persist since the 1990s. Future studies will include further datasets related to the distribution of urban services and socio-technical indicators.@en