This study presents direct numerical simulation results of two-layer Rayleigh–Bénard convection, investigating the previously unexplored Rayleigh–Weber parameter space 106≤Ra≤108 and 102≤We≤103. Global properties, such as the Nusselt and Reynolds numbers, are compared against the extended Grossmann–Lohse theory for two fluid layers, confirming a weak Weber number dependence for all global quantities and considerably larger Reynolds numbers in the lighter fluid. Statistics of the flow reveal that the interface fluctuates more intensely for larger Weber and smaller Rayleigh numbers, something also reflected in the increased temperature root mean square values next to the interface. The dynamics of the deformed two-fluid interface is further investigated using spectral analysis. Temporal and spatial spectrum distributions reveal a capillary wave range at small Weber and large Rayleigh numbers, and a secondary energy peak at smaller Rayleigh numbers. Furthermore, the maxima of the space–time spectra lie in an intermediate dispersion regime, between the theoretical predictions for capillary and gravity-capillary waves, showing that the gravitational energy of the interfacial waves is strongly altered by temperature gradients.@en

We present the Fluid Transport Accelerated Solver, FluTAS, a scalable GPU code for multiphase flows with thermal effects. The code solves the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation for two-fluid systems, with a direct FFT-based Poisson solver for the pressure equation. The interface between the two fluids is represented with the Volume of Fluid (VoF) method, which is mass conserving and well suited for complex flows thanks to its capacity of handling topological changes. The energy equation is explicitly solved and coupled with the momentum equation through the Boussinesq approximation. The code is conceived in a modular fashion so that different numerical methods can be used independently, the existing routines can be modified, and new ones can be included in a straightforward and sustainable manner. FluTAS is written in modern Fortran and parallelized using hybrid MPI/OpenMP in the CPU-only version and accelerated with OpenACC directives in the GPU implementation. We present different benchmarks to validate the code, and two large-scale simulations of fundamental interest in turbulent multiphase flows: isothermal emulsions in HIT and two-layer Rayleigh-Bénard convection. FluTAS is distributed through a MIT license and arises from a collaborative effort of several scientists, aiming to become a flexible tool to study complex multiphase flows. Program summary: Program Title: : Fluid Transport Accelerated Solver, FluTAS. CPC Library link to program files: https://doi.org/10.17632/tp6k8wky8m.1 Developer's repository link: https://github.com/Multiphysics-Flow-Solvers/FluTAS.git. Licensing provisions: MIT License. Programming language: Fortran 90, parallelized using MPI and slab/pencil decomposition, GPU accelerated using OpenACC directives. External libraries/routines: FFTW, cuFFT. Nature of problem: FluTAS is a GPU-accelerated numerical code tailored to perform interface resolved simulations of incompressible multiphase flows, optionally with heat transfer. The code combines a standard pressure correction algorithm with an algebraic volume of fluid method, MTHINC [1]. Solution method: the code employs a second-order-finite difference discretization and solves the two-fluid Navier-Stokes equation using a projection method. It can be run both on CPU-architectures and GPU-architectures.

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