The NASICON series, with formula Ba_x/2Li_1-xTi₂(PO₄)₃ (0.4 ≤ x ≤ 1), has been prepared by solid-state reaction and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and impedance spectroscopy (IS). XRD patterns of samples indicated the formation of single phases with rhombohedral structure (space group R-3c). The Rietveld analysis of XRD patterns was performed to deduce location of Li and Ba ions. FTIR, Raman, and NMR techniques showed the only presence of isolated PO₄ groups in analyzed phosphates. ³¹P MAS-NMR spectra were used to investigate Li and Ba distribution and ⁷Li MAS-NMR spectra to discriminated Li ions with different mobility in conduction paths. A maximum total conductivity of 2.5 × 10⁻⁷ S cm⁻¹ and a minimum activation energy of 0.47 eV were obtained at room temperature for Ba_0.3Li_0.4Ti₂(PO₄)₃ (x = 0.6).

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Technological developments have led to increased visual fidelity of driving simulators. However, simplified visuals have potential advantages, such as improved experimental control, reduced simulator discomfort and increased generalisability of results. In this driving simulator study, we evaluated the effects of visual fidelity on driving performance, gaze behaviour and subjective discomfort ratings. Twenty-four participants drove a track with 90° corners in (1) a high fidelity, textured environment, (2) a medium fidelity, non-textured environment without scenery objects and (3) a low-fidelity monochrome environment that only showed lane markers. The high fidelity level resulted in higher steering activity on straight road segments, higher driving speeds and higher gaze variance than the lower fidelity levels. No differences were found between the two lower fidelity levels. In conclusion, textures and objects were found to affect steering activity and driving performance; however, gaze behaviour during curve negotiation and self-reported simulator discomfort were unaffected.

Practitioner Summary: In a driving simulator study, three levels of visual fidelity were evaluated. The results indicate that the highest fidelity level, characterised by a textured environment, resulted in higher steering activity, higher driving speeds and higher variance of horizontal gaze than the two lower fidelity levels without textures.@en