A pulsed photoconductive terahertz (THz) source is presented that is able to radiate milliwatt (mW) level average power over a large bandwidth, by exploiting both the optical and electrical properties of photoconductive sources and the ultrawideband properties of connected antenna arrays. An optical system composed of a microlenses array splits the laser beam into N×N  spots that host the active excitation of the antenna arrays. An “ad hoc” network is introduced to bias the array active spots in order to implement a connected antenna array configuration. The array feeds a silicon lens to increase the directivity of the radiated THz beam. A dipole and a slot array are designed. Prototypes have been fabricated and measured. Power and spectrum measurements of the prototypes are in excellent agreement with the expected results. The proposed solutions achieve excellent power radiation levels by exploiting accurate electromagnetic design. Thus, they can offer enhancements to any active system relying on pulsed photoconductive antennas.

A novel pulsed photoconductive THz source is presented that is able to radiate mW-level average powers, over a large bandwidth by exploiting both the optical and electrical properties of photoconductive sources and the ultrawideband properties of connected antenna arrays. An optical system composed of a micro-lenses array splits the laser beam into N × N spots that host the active excitation of the antenna arrays. An 'ad hoc' network has been adopted to bias the array active spots in order to implement a connected antenna array configuration. The array feeds a silicon lens to increase the directivity of the radiated THz beam. A slot array prototype has been designed, fabricated, and measured. The proposed solutions achieve excellent power radiation levels by making use of an accurate electromagnetic design. This solution can offer enhancements to any active system relying on pulsed photoconductive antennas.

Optically pumped pulsed THz emitters exploit the transient motion of photo-generated charge carriers in semiconductors, to produce, coupled to micro-antenna, radiated power over a wide bandwidth up to the THz frequencies. The radiation performance of the antenna greatly affects dispersion of the energy spectrum generated by the photoconductive source and if not properly designed it causes low radiated power. This work presents the design, the fabrication process, the electromagnetic and the thermal analyses of a pulsed photoconductive micro-antenna based on the leaky lens antenna concept. This device shows high radiation efficiency over a band ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 THz, thus being a suitable emitter for THz time-domain sensing system.

This second part of two papers' sequence presents the experimental validation of the Norton equivalent circuit model for pulsed photoconductive antennas (PCAs) provided in the first paper of the sequence. To this goal, different prototypes of photoconductive antenna sources have been manufactured and assembled. The average powers radiated and their pertinent energy spectral densities have been measured. In order to obtain a validation of the original equivalent circuit proposed, an auxiliary electromagnetic analysis of the complete setup, including the quasi-optical (QO) link for the signals from the antenna feeds to the detectors had to be developed. By using the combined theoretical model (circuit and quasi-optics), an excellent agreement is achieved between the measured power and the power estimated. This agreement fully validates the circuit model, which can now be used to design new PCAs, including optical and electrical features of the semiconductor materials, as well as the details of the antenna gaps and the purely QO components.

In this paper a rigorous electromagnetic characterization of the setup for measuring the THz power radiated by pulsed photoconductive antenna is discussed. Such characterization is expressed in terms of efficiencies which quantify how much power is lost in the coupling between the various components involved in the measurement setup. The conducted analysis highlights how such efficiencies affect the energy spectrum of the measured pulsed signal. Measurement results with two different detectors will be shown during the conference and will be compared against the power estimation obtained by a recently developed equivalent circuit model for photoconductive antennas. The proposed electromagnetic modeling allows us to effectively improve the design of THz time domain systems.