Governance can be understood as the system by which actors in society are directed and controlled. Given the trinity "Institution, Market and Organization"a pressing question is: which governance structure minimizes the transaction costs in governing and controlling in the build and service design for organizations similar to a city? We investigate the notion of the governance of common goods and the problem of organizations - how or when to balance control mechanisms. As Tirole observes there is a need to explicate incentives for all stakeholders on the basis of some measure of aggregate welfare of all stakeholders. In this paper we develop a mathematical model to explicate information needs in a bilateral contract and use these insights in the case study, initialized and inspired by the procurement process of transport services at the care institution in the Netherlands in 2020 and 2021. Our results show that the information problem emerges when the object of what is exchanged between two parties is not considered as the unit of analysis. Once we understand the nature of the bilateral exchange relationship then we are able to consider the consequences of the control loss causing transaction costs due to conflicting objectives, moral hazard, adverse selection, opportunism and so on. @en

MAAS as a mobility model leans on the idea that a gap between private and public transport systems needs to be bridged as well as on a city, intercity, national and supranational level. The current situation is felt problematic due to the fragmented tools and services often organized in silos to meet a traveler needs to undertake a trip. One of the major concerns designing any platform system like Mobility as a Service is where to start modeling and how to express the notion of the platform system in some language that is understandable for all stakeholders of the platform system. Understandability buttresses the expectation of stakeholders whether some design will probably implement the intended platform services enabling users to actually buy and or use the platform system for what ever purpose. Building on the economic theories of two-sided markets and mechanism design we introduce the concept of value nets extending the Contract Protocol Net. Value net modeling offers a precise abstract representation which provides in the detailed informational requirements in a canonical form and it connects i.e. implements the abstract notion of Service Oriented Architecture characterizing systems without loss of crucial informational elements.@en