Activities related to energy production have been linked with felt (and in some cases damaging) earthquakes. Notable examples include hydraulic fracturing, wastewater disposal, geothermal systems, coal mining, carbon storage and hydropower dams. As the demand for energy continues to grow, new frontiers in energy exploration will emerge - some with the potential for induced seismicity. Thus, there is a clear need for a source-agnostic seismic risk protocol that can be applied to any activity or region. This study outlines one such implementation that uses scenario earthquakes to produce a priori risk thresholds that can be referenced against current seismicity levels on an ongoing basis. Our framework is designed to inform regulatory decisions by considering the consequences of earthquake scenarios on the population and the built environment, together with simplified forecasts of the next largest magnitude. The proposed framework can tackle both the screening process needed for permitting purposes and serve as a risk management plan during operations.@en

Geothermal energy is a green source of power that could play an important role in climate-conscious energy portfolios; enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) have the potential to scale up exploitation of thermal resources. During hydraulic fracturing, fluids injected under high-pressure cause the rock mass to fail, stimulating fractures that improve fluid connectivity. However, this increase of pore fluid pressure can also reactivate pre-existing fault systems, potentially inducing earthquakes of significant size. Induced earthquakes are a significant concern for EGS operations. In some cases, ground shaking nuisance, building damages, or injuries have spurred the early termination of projects (e.g., Basel, Pohang). On the other hand, EGS operations at Soultz-sous-Forêts (France), Helsinki (Finland), Blue Mountain (Nevada, USA), and Utah FORGE (USA) have adequately managed induced earthquake risks. The success of an EGS operation depends on economical reservoir enhancements, while maintaining acceptable seismic risk levels. This requires state-of-the-art seismic risk management. This article reviews domains of seismology, earthquake engineering, risk management, and communication. We then synthesize “good practice” recommendations for evaluating, mitigating, and communicating the risk of induced seismicity. We advocate for a modular approach. Recommendations are provided for key technical aspects including (a) a seismic risk management framework, (b) seismic risk pre-screening, (c) comprehensive seismic hazard and risk evaluation, (d) traffic light protocol designs, (e) seismic monitoring implementation, and (f) step-by-step communication plans. Our recommendations adhere to regulatory best practices, to ensure their general applicability. Our guidelines provide a template for effective earthquake risk management and future research directions.

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Geothermal energy is a source of clean, renewable, and sustainable power that could play an important role in future energy portfolios. Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) in particular have the potential to scale up accessibility to thermal resources. Seismic events of significant size associated with the development of EGSs display a negative socio-economic impact, posing a risk to the local infrastructure and the public, undermining the public acceptance of pending and future projects. To achieve a sustainable exploitation of geothermal resources using EGS, reservoir productivity needs to be enhanced while keeping seismic risk at an acceptable level during all stages of the project. In this document, we recommend good practices to evaluate, mitigate and communicate the risk of induced seismicity for EGS projects. This document is produced by the DEEP consortium, with input from more than 17 experts, with expertise in geophysics, seismology, earthquake engineering, risk management and communication. We advocate for a modular approach, providing recommendations on (1) seismic risk pre-screening, (2) data acquisition and research, (3), communication and outreach, (4) comprehensive seismic risk analysis, (5) seismic monitoring, (6) traffic light protocols, and (7) operational mitigation strategies. Our framework is designed to facilitate various stakeholders, such as regulators, operators, independent experts and affected communities.
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