The cooperative control of multiple autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) is a critical area of research due to its significant applications in maritime operations, such as search and rescue and environmental monitoring. However, challenges such as communication delays and dynamic topologies often hinder stable cooperative control in practical scenarios. This study addresses these challenges by developing a formation control method based on consensus theory, focusing on both formation control and time delay. First, a simplified ASV characteristic model is established, and a basic consensus control algorithm is designed and analyzed for stability, considering different communication topologies. Then, to handle delays, the formation control method is extended, and the stability of the revised algorithm is rigorously proven using the Lyapunov function. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy effectively maintains formations, even in the presence of communication delays. In the end, comparative simulations are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed controller. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy effectively maintains formations, even in the presence of communication delays, with a convergence time of approximately 100 s and a formation error stabilizing at around 7 m. This research lays a foundation for more reliable cooperative control systems for ships, with potential applications in a variety of maritime and autonomous systems.