Highly conductive solid electrolytes are fundamental for all solid-state batteries with low inner cell resistance. Such fast solid electrolytes are often found by systematic substitution experiments in which one atom is exchanged for another, and corresponding changes in ionic transport are monitored. With this strategy, compositions with the most promising transport properties can be identified fast and reliably. However, the substitution of one element does not only influence the crystal structure and diffusion channel size (static) but also the underlying bonding interactions and with it the vibrational properties of the lattice (dynamic). Since both static and dynamic properties influence the diffusion process, simple one-dimensional substitution series only provide limited insights to the importance of changes in the structure and lattice dynamics for the transport properties. To overcome these limitations, we make use of a two-dimensional substitution approach, investigating and comparing the four single-substitution series Na3P1-xSbxS4, Na3P1-xSbxSe4, Na3PS4-ySey, and Na3SbS4-ySey. Specifically, we find that the diffusion channel size represented by the distance between S/Se ions cannot explain the observed changes of activation barriers throughout the whole substitution system. Melting temperatures and the herein newly defined anharmonic bulk modulus as descriptors for bonding interactions and corresponding lattice dynamics correlate well with the activation barriers, highlighting the relevance of lattice softness for the ion transport in this class of fast ion conductors.

The development of high-performance inorganic solid electrolytes is central to achieving high-energy- density solid-state batteries. Whereas these solid-state materials are often prepared via classic solid-state syntheses, recent efforts in the community have shown that mechanochemical reactions, solution syntheses, microwave syntheses, and various post-synthetic heat treatment routines can drastically affect the structure and microstructure, and with it, the transport properties of the materials. On the one hand, these are important considerations for the upscaling of a materials processing route for industrial applications and industrial production. On the other hand, it shows that the influence of the different syntheses on the materials' properties is neither well understood fundamentally nor broadly internalized well. Here we aim to review the recent efforts on understanding the influence of the synthetic procedure on the synthesis-(micro)structure-transport correlations in superionic conductors. Our aim is to provide the field of solid-state research a direction for future efforts to better understand current materials properties based on synthetic routes, rather than having an overly simplistic idea of any given composition having an intrinsic conductivity. We hope this review will shed light on the underestimated influence of synthesis on the transport properties of solid electrolytes toward the design of syntheses of future solid electrolytes and help guide industrial efforts of known materials.

Exploration of sulfidic sodium solid electrolytes and their design contributes to advances in solid-state sodium batteries. Such a design is guided by a better understanding of fast sodium transport, for instance, in the herein studied Na11Sn2PS12-type materials. By using Rietveld refinements against synchrotron X-ray diffraction and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the influence of aliovalent substitution on the structure and transport in Na11+xSn2P1-xMxS12 with M = Ge and Sn is investigated. Although Sn induces stronger structural changes than Ge, the influence on the sodium sublattice and the ionic transport properties is comparable. Overall, a reduced in-grain activation energy of Na+ transport can be found with the reducing Na+ vacancy concentration. This work explores previously unreported phases in the Na11Sn2PS12 structure type based on their determined properties revealing Na+ vacancy concentrations to be an important factor providing a further understanding of Na11Sn2PS12-type materials.