In the United Kingdom spatial challenges are formed due to a significant erosion rate, especially on the southeast coastline, where the soil has a weak resistance to erosion (Masselink & Russell, 2013; Hurst et al, 2016). This erosion causes the soil to be washed away until no soil remains (Dornbush et al, 2006). Ecology, society and urban environments are at risk in coastal cities due to environmental risks. Protection measures, such as sea walls and embankments, are the primary solutions to today’s erosion risks. These protection measures are often expensive, short-term and can have negative influences on other sections of the coastline. The measures influence the processes along the coastline by interruption of longshore sediment transport (Cooper and McKenna, 2007). Currently, cities and their residents are unable to adapt to this increasing erosion and are often exposed to unforeseen and abrupt events that impact their habitat and, therefore, have an influence on the human livability. In the English context, a regional strategy is needed to find a balance between coastal social justice and the continuing risks of Coastal Erosion (Apine, 2011; Alexander et al, 2012; Cooper and McKenna, 2007), which are further investigated and explained in the thesis. This project investigates possible strategies for urban environments to adapt to the increasing erosion rates which is the result of climate change and sea level rise. With the use of mixed methods research, a regional strategy is formulated and implemented in local urban designs. The research method used to achieve the formulation of a strategy is the Data, Opportunities, Challenges & Anecdote (DOCA) method developed by FABRIC (Vafa, 2018). This method uses opportunities and challenges that can be found on a regional scale, but also on the local scale for different coastal cities in the project area. In the thesis this method is used to find local innovation opportunities that can be integrated within a regional urban strategy. This approach considers interdisciplinary and layered approaches with the use of domains that involve defence-resilience, networks, tourism and economy. Within the DOCA method, the six-step approach by Hooimeijer et al (2020) is applied to create a multi-scalar and adaptive planning system. With the use of both these methods, thesis aims to create an urban design as a response to ecological, societal and urban environmental challenges relating to Coastal Erosion effects and spatial planning strategies. The project’s developed regional strategy aims for Regional Resiliency in southeast England with the design of local Sustainable Urban Environments in Bexhill-on-Sea and Hastings.

A nationwide program for building one million dwellings aims to relieve the Netherland’s housing crisis: nearly a quarter of this construction will take place in South Holland. Currently, the construction industry needs a huge input of raw materials that is not only causing waste problems but is also decreasing environmental quality. A large part of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is being downcycled, losing economic and material value. This creates not only a need but an opportunity for a construction and demolition (C&D) industry based on circular flows and biobased materials. The goal of this project is to produce a vision with strategies for the implementation of circularity along with the resolution of spatial conflicts in different scales.An overview of the spatial, technical and economic needs of the C&D industry and its externalities in urban environments was made. This resulted in the understanding of the spatial conflicts currently taking place between these two spheres of development and the potentials that circularity will have on jobs and consumption patterns. From this, a proposal for a circularity model with three components was formulated: an open network with a central production hub and peripheric logistic hubs, an open program for these hubs that adapts to current and future needs, and open edges that create interactions with their built and social environment.