The dynamic properties of loose sands under low stresses have been poorly investigated because of the higher order of magnitude of stress levels in terrestrial geotechnical structures. However, low densities and low stresses prevail in the sandy surface deposits of some other rocky planets, making low stress conditions relevant for extra-terrestrial soil mechanics. This is the case of Mars, on the surface of which a seismometer has been placed during the InSight mission. In this context, a dynamic shear rheometer was used to measure the shear modulus and damping ratio of a Martian regolith simulant under very low stresses to improve the interpretation of the InSight dataset on surface materials. This paper also revisits the grain contact stiffness and the overall modulus of a random packing of identical spheres, based on the Hertz-Mindlin contact theory. A micromechanical model accounting for the effects of both grain roughness and slipping in the soil degradation curve is proposed. The results of the model show a good agreement with experimental data, capturing the non-linear transition from low to high-shear strains. The model hence provides a new framework for a better understanding of the behaviour of granular materials in low gravity (extra-terrestrial) conditions.

The dynamic properties of loose sands under low stresses are an unexplored topic in soil dynamics because these soil conditions are uncommon in most geotechnical structures on Earth. However, low densities and low-stress conditions prevail on other planets, like, for instance, the surface of Mars, for which particular attention is presently given through the InSight NASA mission. This work presents a new procedure for measuring the dynamic properties of loose sand under low stress by using the dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) tester, a technique commonly used in asphalt engineering but not in geotechnical engineering. Compared to traditional geotechnical methods (resonant column and cyclic triaxial tests), DMA investigates a broader range of strains using a single apparatus. In this work, we assess the dynamical properties of loose fine sand Dr ∼ 0.2, considered a possible Mars regolith analog, by varying the input strain from γ = 10-6 to γ = 10-2 while applying confining pressures from ρ3 =3 kPa to ρ3 = 30 kPa. The results validate the proposed procedure, showing an increment of the shear modulus as the confining pressure increases. Furthermore, they highlight DMA's advantages for studying the dynamic properties of granular soils under low stress and strain.

Compaction is probably the industrial process more intensively used in road construction. The current compaction practice is based on the useful methodology proposed by Proctor (1933). This methodology intends to reproduce field compaction in the laboratory by applying a controlled mechanical energy to the soil and relating the dry density with the water content. However, recent developments in soil compaction analysis in the laboratory and field seek a better understanding of the link between the mechanical stresses applied to the soil and the strains it undergoes. This requirement needs analyzing the stresses applied to the soil by the compaction machine, the distribution of stresses within the soil layer undergoing compaction, and the behavior of the partially saturated soil. This article explores the feasibility of using a series of simplified analytical equations to model compaction within a mechanical framework. The proposed model focuses on the compaction produced by a cylinder applying a static load. The methodology combines the Hertz contact stress theory with the Fröhlich stress distribution and the Barcelona Basic Model for partially saturated soils. The results of the proposed analytical model successfully agree with the experimental observations obtained using a geotechnical centrifuge model and confirming its potential use for compaction control and monitoring.