This paper investigates the prediction accuracy and time efficiency of two distinct low-fidelity methods for predicting the tonal and broadband noise of a drone rotor in axial and non-axial inflow conditions. These are both derived from an aerodynamic rotor model based on the blade element momentum theory, respectively coupled with a time- and a frequency-domain solution of the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings integral equation applied to a radial distribution of acoustically compact and non-compact sources. Experimental data and scale resolving
lattice-Boltzmann/very-large eddy simulation results for a two-bladed small unmanned aerial system in transitional boundary layer conditions are used to validate the low-fidelity approaches. Comparison between low-fidelity, high-fidelity and experimental results reveal that the underlying sound generation mechanisms are accurately modeled by the low fidelity methods, which therefore constitute a valid tool for the preliminary design of quiet drone rotors and for the estimation of the community noise impact of drone operations.@en

This paper investigates the prediction accuracy and time efficiency of two distinct low-order methods, Opty∂B and LOPNOR , for predicting tonal and broadband noise of a drone rotor in axial and non-axial flow conditions. These are both derived from an aero- dynamic rotor model based on the blade element momentum theory, respectively coupled with a time- (Opty∂B) and frequency-domain (LOPNOR) solution of the Ffowcs Williams- Hawkings (FW-H) integral equation applied to a radial distribution of acoustically compact and non-compact sources. Experimental data and scale-resolving lattice-Boltzmann/very- large eddy simulation (LB/VLES) results for a two-bladed small unmanned aerial system (sUAS) in transitional boundary layer conditions are used to validate the low-order ap- proaches. Comparison between low-order, high-fidelity and experimental results reveal that the underlying sound generation mechanisms are accurately modelled by the low-fidelity methods, which therefore constitute a valid tool for preliminary design of quiet drone rotors or to estimate the noise impact of drone operations.@en