Modern spacecraft and launch vehicle design is more oriented towards reducing system-level design and assembly complexities. In order to maintain high overall system performance while reducing these complexities, the use of smart materials and smart structural components is a well-known practice and is currently of rising interest to space systems' designers. The paper discusses a concept of smart space structures, in particular, a carbon fiber composites structure embedded with Optical Fiber Sensors (OFS) for spacecraft and launch vehicle applications. This study highlights the operational requirements for such tank and the smart features enabled by the optical fiber sensors. For the latter aspect, a quantitative comparison between Fiber Bragg Grating sensors (FBGs) and Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors (DOFS) based on Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) is presented to state their core performance parameters, such as the sensitivity, sensing range, dynamic measurement capability, and spatial resolution. The increased performance and reliability in harsh environments associated with fiber optic sensors come with a reduction in size, mass, and power consumption compared to the conventional electronic sensors. Optical fiber sensors embedded in carbon fiber structures have proven their capability in providing accurate real-time measurements of temperature and monitoring structural integrity while detecting precisely possible points of rupture and failure as discussed and demonstrated in the literature review. The applications of fiber optic sensing in smart propellant tanks may extend to detecting fluid leakage, also providing increased precision in propellant gauging through temperature mapping, and can be used in on-ground qualification, pre-flight testing, as well as in-orbit operation, condition, and structural health monitoring. The article presents a statement for an optimal FOS embedding approach in composite pressure vessels and discusses the related placement and orientation method for the fiber optic sensors, coupled with a one component simplified analytical stress-strain transfer model deriving the stress component along the maximum principal direction (i.e., σ_MaxPrincipal). The novel approach is believed to serve the optimal employment of embedded FOS in composite structures, e.g., pressure vessels and light-weight structures in spacecraft, among other applications. The simplified model is believed to pave the way for effective data interpretation and processing, utilizing the available limited computational resources on-board the spacecraft.

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Modern spacecraft systems and launch vehicle design is more oriented towards reducing system-level design and assembly complexities. In order to maintain high overall system performance while reducing these complexities, the use of smart materials and smart structural components is becoming of more interest to space systems’ designers. The paper will present a concept of smart space structures, in particular carbon fiber composites embedded with Optical Fiber Sensors (OFS) for spacecraft and launch vehicle applications. Although the application is of interest as well to electric and hybrid propulsion with suitability for a variety of relevant propellants, the case study presented is on smart propellant tanks to be used in launch vehicle’s upper-stage chemical propulsion, utilizing gaseous and liquid fluids with specific interest in green propellants (i.e., EIL and NOx classes). This study will discuss the typical mission and operational requirements for such tanks and the smart features enabled by the optical fiber sensors. For the latter aspect, a quantitative comparison between Fiber Bragg Grating sensors (FBGs) and Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors (DOFS) based on Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) is presented to highlight their core performance parameters, such as the sensing range and spatial resolution. The proposed smart tanks utilizing optical fiber sensors are found to be capable of providing precise readings of static and dynamic strain as well as temperatures on a wide range. The increased performance and reliability come with a reduction in size, mass, and power consumption compared to the conventional electronic sensors. Optical fiber sensors embedded in carbon fiber structures have proved capability in providing accurate real-time measurements of temperature and monitoring structural integrity while detecting precisely possible points of rupture and failure. The applications of fiber optic sensing in smart propellant tanks may extend to detecting fluid leakage and providing increased precision in propellant gauging and can be used in on-ground qualification, pre-flight testing, as well as in-orbit operation and health monitoring.@en

Spacecraft systems monitoring is crucial for early fault detection and troubleshooting of various subsystems and components. To detect unexpected performance degradation or anomalies during the mission lifetime, multiple spacecraft subsystems require in-situ real-time monitoring and delicate acquisition of the operations' data. Subsystems on a satellite or a probe that would require such monitoring include structures and mechanisms such as the spacecraft bus and the deployable antennas, the power generation and storage subsystem represented in the solar-panels and the batteries, as well as the propulsion system and its propellant storage, fluid management system, and thrusters. As high-performance systems are intrinsically sought, the spacecraft design complexity increases and onboard allowable volume decreases. Fiber-optic sensing figures prominently in such scenarios due to its significantly reduced size, mass, and power consumption coupled with its higher performance and reliability when compared to conventional electronic sensors. The article aims at surveying the current trends in optical fibre sensors and their interrogation systems and critically reviewing the state-of-the-art. The fundamentals and working principles are discussed for point sensors, quasi-distributed, and distributed sensors based on Fiber Bragg Grating, Rayleigh, Raman, and Brillouin scattering, among others. As the opportunities and advantages of the photonic sensing systems based on optical fibres are highlighted, a major focus is put on studying the current technical challenges facing the utilization of this technology in space applications. A case study of the PROBA-2 mission's Fiber-optic Sensor Demonstrator (FSD), majorly relying on FBG sensors, is presented to draw the future opportunities in innovative space systems enabling technologies such as the fibre-optic sensor networks utilizing the modern radiation-hard photonic integrated circuits (PICs) miniaturized interrogation units.

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