Enabling the capability of assessing risk and making risk-aware decisions is essential to applying reinforcement learning to safety-critical robots like drones. In this paper, we investigate a specific case where a nano quadcopter robot learns to navigate an apriori-unknown cluttered environment under partial observability. We present a distributional reinforcement learning framework to generate adaptive risk-tendency policies. Specifically, we propose to use lower tail conditional variance of the learnt return distribution as intrinsic uncertainty estimation, and use exponentially weighted average forecasting (EWAF) to adapt the risk-tendency in accordance with the estimated uncertainty. In simulation and real-world empirical results, we show that (1) the most effective risk-tendency varies across states, (2) the agent with adaptive risk-tendency achieves superior performance compared to risk-neutral policy or risk-averse policy baselines. Code and video can be found in this repository: https://github.com/tudelft/risk-sensitive-rl.git

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In this paper, we propose an obstacle avoidance solution for a 34-gram quadcopter equipped with a monocular camera. The perception of obstacles is tackled by a lightweight convolutional neural network predicting a dense depth map from a captured grey-scale image. The depth network performs self-supervised learning and thus requires no ground-truth labels that are costly to acquire. Based on the depth map, the control strategy is implemented by a behavior state machine that balances the efficiency to explore the environment and the safety of avoiding obstacles. In real-world flight experiments, our solution demonstrates the efficacy of predicting trust-worthy depth maps and a stable control strategy in various cluttered environments.

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Recent aerospace systems increasingly demand model-free controller synthesis, and autonomous operations require adaptability to uncertainties in partially observable environments. This paper applies distributional reinforcement learning to synthesize risk-sensitive, robust model-free policies for aerospace control. We investigate the use of distributional soft actor-critic (DSAC) agents for flight control and compare their learning characteristics and tracking performance with the soft actor-critic (SAC) algorithm. The results show that (1) the addition of distributional critics significantly improves learning consistency, (2) risk-averse agents increase flight safety by avoiding uncertainties in the environment.

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Reinforcement learning (RL) equipped with neural networks has recently led to a wide range of successes in learning policies for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) navigation and control problems. The success of RL relies on two human-designed heuristics: appropriate action space definition and reward function engineering. The commonly used fully continuous or fully discrete action spaces in optimal control and decision making problems may lack control authority and remove the inherent problem structure, which can negatively affect learning performance. Besides, reward engineering requires a lot of human effort and may lead to unwanted behavior. In this paper, we address these challenges by proposing a new off-policy RL algorithm called HER-PDQN which incorporates Hindsight Experience Replay (HER) with Parameterized Deep Q-Networks (P-DQN). In simulation experiments, HER-PDQN is used to train an agent to fulfill a UAV navigation task in a 2-dimensional environment. The results indicate the effectiveness of P-DQN algorithm in dealing both with the hybrid action space and sparse rewards. This paper can be considered as the first attempt at applying RL in sparse reward setting for UAV navigation with hybrid action spaces.@en