In the Multi beam source (MBS) of our Multi Beam Scanning Electron Microscope (MBSEM), an aperture lens array (ALA) splits the emission cone of the Schottky field emitter into multiple beamlets. When the apertures in the ALA are close to each other, the ALA can introduce aberrations to these beamlets through the electrostatic interaction of neighbouring apertures with each aperture's lens field. When the apertures are arranged in a square grid pattern, the aberration causes fourfold astigmatism. The effect on the beam spot is analyzed through a combination of 3D simulations and experimental validation. To counterbalance the fourfold astigmatism, a correction scheme is proposed in which a slightly non-round profile is applied to the aperture lenses.

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The design of an electrostatic electron optical system with five electrodes and two objective functions is optimized using multiobjective genetic algorithms (MOGAs) optimization. The two objective functions considered are minimum probe size of the primary electron beam in a fixed image plane and maximum secondary electron detection efficiency at an in-lens detector plane. The time-consuming step is the calculation of the system potential. There are two methods to do this. The first is using COMSOL (finite element method) and the second is using the second-order electrode method (SOEM). The former makes the optimization process very slow but accurate, and the latter makes it fast but less accurate. A fully automated optimization strategy is presented, where a SOEM-based MOGA provides input systems for a COMSOL-based MOGA. This boosts the optimization process and reduces the optimization times by at least ∼10 times, from several days to a few hours. A typical optimized system has a probe size of 11.9 nm and a secondary electron detection efficiency of 80%. This new method can be implemented in electrostatic lens design with one or more objective functions and multiple free variables as a very efficient, fully automated optimization technique.

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In electrostatic charged particle lens design, optimization of a multi-electrode lens with many free optimization parameters is still quite a challenge. A fully automated optimization routine is not yet available, mainly because the lens potential calculations are often done with very time-consuming methods that require meshing of the lens space. A new method is proposed that improves on the low speed of the potential calculation while keeping the high accuracy of the mesh-based calculation methods. This is done by first using a fast potential calculation based on the so-called Second-Order Electrode Method (SOEM), at the cost of losing some accuracy, and then using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) for the optimization. Then, by using the parameters of the approximate systems found from this optimization based on SOEM, an accurate GA optimization routine is performed based on potential calculation with the commercial finite element package COMSOL. A six-electrode electrostatic lens was optimized accurately within a few hours, using all lens dimensions and electrode voltages as free parameters and the focus position and maximum allowable electric fields between electrodes as constraints.

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In electron lens design, finding the optimum lens system for theapplication at hand, is still quite a challenge. The situation becomes especially more complicated when many lens electrodesare involved, because the number of free parameters of the optimization, such as electrode thickness, radii, gaps between electrodes and voltages, increases rapidly. Therefore, fast optimization routines are needed to tackle the problem. In the past, there have been some attempts to develop such optimization programs. Szilagy et al. [1] and Adriaanse et al. [2], have published someresults in 1989 on rough optimization of electrostatic lenses. However, using the above-mentioned methods, one could not get very accurate results. Now that we have more powerful computers and significantly better software, we revisit the problem. First we applied the so called “SOEM” (Second Order ElectrodeMethod) [2] for a fast (∼0.1sec) calculation of the axial potential. However, the results of the optimization were not accurate enough. To improve the accuracy of the SOEM-based optimization, we integrated a finite element based potential calculation method (using COMSOL). This way the potential calculation and the objective function calculation is more accurate, although the optimization becomes much slower. We propose a new approach that improves on the low speed of optimization while keeping the high accuracy results of the finite element method based potential calculation. This is done by first using a rough optimization based on the SOEM approach, resulting in a few approximately optimized systems. Then, using the parameters of the systems found, new sets of systems were defined using a small range of values around these parameters. Then the more accurate, COMSOL-based optimization was applied to this set of limited systems. We have tested our method on multi electrode systems up to 7 electrodes. We succeeded to very accurately optimize these systems within a few hours, with the electrode radii, gaps and voltages as free parameters, and the focus position as a constraint. [1] M.Szilagi. Yakowitz and M. Duff, Appl. Phys.Lett. 44, pp. 7-9, 1984. [2] J.P. Adriaanse, H.W.G Van der Steen and J.E. Barth, J.Vac. Sci. Technol. B7, pp. 651-666, 1989.@en

To optimize the design of a system of electrostatic lenses can be quite challenging. Especially when many lens electrodes are involved, the number of design parameters, such as electrode thickness, radius, gaps between electrodes and voltage, increases rapidly. Therefore, it would be really helpful when optimization routines can be used. There have been some attempts to develop optimization programs, such as Szilagy et al. [1] and Adriaanse et al. [2], but they used to be not very accurate. In the meantime, computers have become much more powerful, making it attractive to revisit the problem. In this work we apply a Genetic Algorithm [3] for the optimization, and MATLAB was chosen for coding. @en

Lithography techniques based on electron-beam-induced processes are inherently slow compared to light lithography techniques. The authors demonstrate here that the throughput can be enhanced by a factor of 196 by using a scanning electron microscope equipped with a multibeam electron source. Using electron-beam induced deposition with MeCpPtMe₃ as a precursor gas, 14 × 14 arrays of Pt-containing dots were deposited on a W/Si ₃N₄/W membrane, with each array of 196 dots deposited in a single exposure. The authors demonstrate that by shifting the array of beams over distances of several times the beam pitch, one can deposit rows of closely spaced dots that, although originating from different beams within the array, are positioned within 5 nm of a straight line.

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Most electron sources are used to create a single beam. For high resolution instruments such as electron microscopes and electron lithography machines, most of the current that is emitted by the source is cut away by apertures. The typical emission current from a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) impregnated tungsten source is hundreds of milli-amperes and from a Schottky source (field assisted emission from a ZrO covered tungsten tip) is tens of microamperes, while the typical beam currents in high resolution instruments are pico-amperes up to tens of nano-amperes. This means there is room to use these sources for creating hundreds of sub-beams, at the same brightness (A/m 2 srV) as the single beam.@en

In this paper, the multi-beam source (MBS) unite is analyzed and the experimental results are presented. The basic concept in the MBS is that the broad beam of a high brightness Schottky source is split up into multiple sub-beams by an aperture array (AA). The AA is a silicon wafer with 100 holes and together with two macro electrodes acts as an aperture lens array (ALA) to focus each beam individually on to the blanker array (BA). @en