The analytical characterization of mortar samples from the roman archaeological site of Pisões, located in Southern Portugal, were carried out by means of X-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermogravimetry (TGA-DTA), optical and electron scanning microscopy (SEM-EDS), potentiometry and combustion analysis. The Pisões archaeological complex includes a villa rustica, characterized by well-preserved mosaics and thermal baths, as well as a mill and a mausoleum. Countryside villae epitomized the Romanization of the Iberian Peninsula for over six centuries (2nd century BCE–4th century CE). Nevertheless, most of the Roman villae identified in Portugal have not yet been systematically explored and studied. This study provides valuable data on the construction materials and techniques used in Roman times in the Iberian Peninsula. The careful selection of raw materials and the use of natural and artificial pozzolanic materials can explain the favourable state of conservation, mechanical strength and long-term durability of these mortars.

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Surface consolidation is a common practice in the conservation of the built heritage. However, the effectiveness of consolidation of calcareous materials is often doubtful, due to the lack of effective and compatible consolidation products. Dispersions of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles in alcohol, the so-called nanolimes, can recover the superficial consolidation of calcareous substrates. Nevertheless, they are often not able to guarantee an in-depth consolidation. Previous research by the authors has demonstrated that the effectiveness of nanolime can be improved by fine-tuning the properties and the application protocol of the dispersions, based on the moisture transport properties of the material to be treated. In this paper, we verify the consolidation effectiveness and physical compatibility of the developed nanolimes, when applied on coarse porous calcareous materials like Maastricht limestone and lime-based mortars. The results show that a suitable mass consolidation can be achieved with nanolimes, while maintaining a good compatibility with the substrate material.

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Consolidation treatment is a common practice in the field of conservation. However, when considering calcareous materials, there is a lack of efficient and durable consolidants. Colloidal dispersions of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles, commonly known as nanolimes, can effectively recover the superficial loss of cohesion. However, they do not always guarantee in-depth mass consolidation.
The aim of this paper is to give directions for improving in-depth deposition of nanolime dispersions when applied on limestone. A conceptual model, correlating the drying rate and the kinetic stability of nanolimes dispersed in different solvents, to the porosity of the limestone to be treated, is conceived.
This model can help to select a suitable nanolime solvent depending on the substrate.
Nanolimes were synthetized and dispersed in different solvents (ethanol, isopropanol, butanol and water). The morphology and size of the lime nanoparticles were studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS). The kinetic stability of the nanolime was assessed by Uv–vis spectroscopy. The porosity of the limestones were determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), measuring as well their moisture transport properties.
The model was validated by applying the different nanolimes to two limestones with very coarse (Maastricht limestone) and very fine porosity (Migné limestone). The absorption and drying kinetics and the deposition of the nanolimes within the treated limestones were investigated by phenolphthalein test, optical microscopy and SEM-EDS analysis.
The results show that, as suggested by the model, less stable dispersions (as obtained by higher boiling point solvents e.g. butanol) are more suitable for coarse-pore limestones, while for fine limestones, more stable nanolime dispersions (as obtained by low boiling point solvents e.g. ethanol) should be preferred.
Suggestions are given for further improvement and fine tuning of the nanolimes.@en