Despite the intimacy between the situation and our agency, “situation” remains an ambiguous concept in theory. Even within the context of situated theories of cognition and agency that take the organism-environment system as central in their investigations, the notion of “situation” has been undertheorized. Yet, whether affordances are relevant depends on the situation. Therefore, Van Dijk and Rietveld argue that we must understand the practical situation in which behavior occurs in order to know how we respond to the affordances that the materials and other people offer. Taking John Dewey’s notion of “situation” as the basis for investigation, I follow Shaun Gallagher’s analysis of how we are not just part of a situation, but we understand what an action is only in relation to a situation. Situations act like large-scale affordances, but this does not mean that affordances are inviting or soliciting as such. Because of the situational transactions with the environment that an agent has, the environment pushes and pulls the agent from and toward certain actions. This means that environments have expressive qualitative features that are non-subjective emotional qualities and social gestalt. I propose four overlapping but distinct features or axes of analysis of situations that can be identified and analyzed in terms of how they shape our agency: complexity, determinedness, the establishment of expectations, and restrictiveness. Situations can be more or less complex in a spatial, temporal, or layered way. They can also be more or less determined, meaning that the agent’s actions are more or less obvious. Third, they can be characterized as socially established, meaning that certain behavior is expected. Finally, situations are more or less restricted, denoting the number of activities available to an agent.

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Governments' strategies to address climate change challenges have become increasingly dependent on technocrats and experts' abilities to quantify and codify urban problems and solutions (Savini and Raco, 2019). In the early 2000s, the Municipality of Rotterdam adopted a climate change adaptation approach in its urban development planning and policies. Policies like Water Plan 1 and 2, which emphasized the importance of addressing climate change through adaptive measures, paved the way for more targeted and strategic policies like the Rotterdam Climate Initiative, Rotterdam Program on Sustainability and Climate Change, and Rotterdam Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (Esteban, 2022). Policymakers changed their perspective on flood risk management from working against water to working with water. [...]@en