Groundwater poisoning by heavy metals has caused serious health hazards in the exposed population globally. Manganese (Mn) poisoning causing human health hazards is very meagerly reported worldwide. The present research elucidates for the first time the catastrophic effect of manganese causing cancer in the Gangetic plains of Bihar (India). The blood samples of n = 1146 cancer patients were voluntarily obtained for the study, after their consent. Their household water samples were also collected for the study. All the samples were analysed for Mn contamination by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The study indicates high Mn contamination in the cancer patient blood samples with highest content as 6022 µg/L. Moreover, the cancer patient’s household handpump water samples also contained elevated Mn contamination. The correlation coefficient study finds significant association between Mn contamination in blood of cancer patients and their handpump water. The carcinoma group of cancer patients mostly in Stage III & IV had significant Mn contamination in their blood (above WHO/BIS permissible limit). The geospatial study depicts Mn contamination in handpump water in the state of Bihar in correlation with cancer patient’s blood samples. This novel finding is being reported in India for the first time, which correlates cancer with handpump drinking water. The long-term Mn exposure could be one of the causative agents for elevating cancer incidences. However, other confounding risk factors cannot be denied.@en

High-entropy alloys/compounds have large configurational entropy by introducing multiple components, showing improved functional properties that exceed those of conventional materials. However, how increasing entropy impacts the thermodynamic/kinetic properties in liquids that are ambiguous. Here we show this strategy in liquid electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries, demonstrating the substantial impact of raising the entropy of electrolytes by introducing multiple salts. Unlike all liquid electrolytes so far reported, the participation of several anionic groups in this electrolyte induces a larger diversity in solvation structures, unexpectedly decreasing solvation strengths between lithium ions and solvents/anions, facilitating lithium-ion diffusivity and the formation of stable interphase passivation layers. In comparison to the single-salt electrolytes, a low-concentration dimethyl ether electrolyte with four salts shows an enhanced cycling stability and rate capability. These findings, rationalized by the fundamental relationship between entropy-dominated solvation structures and ion transport, bring forward high-entropy electrolytes as a composition-rich and unexplored space for lithium batteries and beyond.

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Developing liquid electrolytes with higher kinetics and enhanced interphase stability is one of the key challenges for lithium batteries. However, the poor solubility of lithium salts in solvents sets constraints that compromises the electrolyte properties. Here, it is shown that introducing multiple salts to form a high-entropy solution, alters the solvation structure, which can be used to raise the solubility of specific salts and stabilize electrode–electrolyte interphases. The prepared high-entropy electrolytes significantly enhance the cycling and rate performance of lithium batteries. For lithium-metal anodes the reversibility exceeds 99%, which extends the cycle life of batteries even under aggressive cycling conditions. For commercial batteries, combining a graphite anode with a LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ cathode, more than 1000 charge–discharge cycles are achieved while maintaining a capacity retention of more than 90%. These performance improvements with respect to regular electrolytes are rationalized by the unique features of the solvation structure in high-entropy electrolytes. The weaker solvation interaction induced by the higher disorder results in improved lithium-ion kinetics, and the altered solvation composition leads to stabilized interphases. Finally, the high-entropy, induced by the presence of multiple salts, enables a decrease in melting temperature of the electrolytes and thus enables lower battery operation temperatures without changing the solvents.

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