Assessing the Environmental Performance of Sugar Beet Pulp-Derived Galactaric Acid in Applications: A Prospective LCA

Abstract

This thesis evaluates the environmental performance of Galactaric Acid (Gal-A) derived from sugar beet pulp (SBP), as a potential eco-friendlier alternative to Chromium(III) and Disodium EDTA in industrial applications. Utilizing a prospective lifecycle assessment, the study forecasts the environmental impacts of Gal-A’s use in the Netherlands by 2030, focusing on its application as a chelating agent (application 1) in shampoo formulations and as a surface coating for zinc-plated steel (application 2).
The data collection to produce Gal-A was conducted using a mass balanced bill of materials provided by Royal Cosun. A combination of literature data and stoichiometric calculations were utilized for other processes within the study. The literature offered insights into the design of value chains and process data, while stoichiometric calculations allowed for the detailed analysis of chemical reactions and compound formations.
The scaling of the Gal-A production foreground in the thesis is informed by input from process technologists at Royal Cosun, ensuring a realistic and industry-informed projection, with attention to the valorization of side streams and internal recycling flows. For the scaling of other processes, literature research plays a crucial role, particularly in understanding the restrictions on chemicals and the development of novel production processes.
The results indicated for application 1, that Gal-A as a chelating agent in shampoo formulations showed mixed results. While it demonstrated advantages in reducing toxicity impacts due to its biodegradability, it also presented trade-offs in eutrophication, soil use, and acidification. These trade-offs are linked to the agricultural origins of the sugar beet pulp and the enzymes used in Gal-A’s production.
The Gal-A-based anti-corrosive coating scored superiorly across all impact categories compared to traditional coatings. The use of Gal-A showed significant environmental benefits, particularly in reducing climate change impacts. However, uncertainties remain regarding the application procedure and the long-term performance of Gal-A as a coating, which necessitates further research.