Ion transfer voltammetry for analytical screening of fluoroquinolone antibiotics at the water – 1.2-dichloroethane interface

Abstract

In this paper, the electrochemical behavior of four fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FAs) [Ciprofloxacin (Cip), Enrofloxacin (Enr), Marbofloxacin (Mar) and Ofloxacin (Ofl)] at a polarized interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) has been studied using ion–transfer voltammetry (ITV). The measurements were conducted in the traditional macroscopic (macro-ITIES) and a recently developed miniaturized (micro-ITIES) platform. The latter was obtained from fused silica micro-capillaries having an internal diameter of 25 μm. We used macroITIES to obtain a number of analytical parameters such as: standard Galvani potential of ion transfer (ΔΦ⁰), diffusion coefficients (D), free Gibbs energy of ion transfer (ΔG⁰) and partition coefficients (logP_DCE). The latter were compared with the available literature values of logP_octanol. The effect of concentration of the studied antibiotics on the electrochemical response was investigated with the microITIES platform, setting statistical parameters such as: linear dynamic ranges (LDRs – studied from 1 μM up to 50 μM), lower limit of detections (LODs – around 1 μM) and sensitivity (found in the range from 2.6·10⁻² to 6.8·10⁻² nA·μM⁻). MicroITIES were further used to study the effect of pH on the analytical signal and the results are plotted in a form of ion partition diagrams. Working with microITIES supported with the fused silica capillaries significantly reduced the volumes of consumed chemicals and expedite all analytical experiments. The provided results can be successfully applied in pharmacology and electroanalysis for testing and determination of the chosen fluoroquinolone antibiotics.