Take-over requests in highly automated driving

A crowdsourcing survey on auditory, vibrotactile, and visual displays

Journal article (2018)

Authors

P. Bazilinskyy Intelligent Vehicles - Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
S.M. Petermeijer Biomechatronics & Human-Machine Control - Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Veronika Petrovych Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute
D. Dodou Medical Instruments & Bio-Inspired Technology - Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
J.C.F. de Winter Biomechatronics & Human-Machine Control - Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering
Research Group
Intelligent Vehicles (Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering) (TU Delft)
Copyright: © 2018 P. Bazilinskyy, S.M. Petermeijer, V. Petrovych, D. Dodou, J.C.F. de Winter
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.04.001
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Published Date

2018

Language

English

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Faculty

Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering

Department

Cognitive Robotics

Research Group

Intelligent Vehicles

Abstract

An important research question in the domain of highly automated driving is how to aid drivers in transitions between manual and automated control. Until highly automated cars are available, knowledge on this topic has to be obtained via simulators and self-report questionnaires. Using crowdsourcing, we surveyed 1692 people on auditory, visual, and vibrotactile take-over requests (TORs) in highly automated driving. The survey presented recordings of auditory messages and illustrations of visual and vibrational messages in traffic scenarios of various urgency levels. Multimodal TORs were the most preferred option in high-urgency scenarios. Auditory TORs were the most preferred option in low-urgency scenarios and as a confirmation message that the system is ready to switch from manual to automated mode. For low-urgency scenarios, visual-only TORs were more preferred than vibration-only TORs. Beeps with shorter interpulse intervals were perceived as more urgent, with Stevens’ power law yielding an accurate fit to the data. Spoken messages were more accepted than abstract sounds, and the female voice was more preferred than the male voice. Preferences and perceived urgency ratings were similar in middle- and high-income countries. In summary, this international survey showed that people's preferences for TOR types in highly automated driving depend on the urgency of the situation.

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