Vanadium is a heavy metal and is reproductive and developmental toxic for mammals. Therefore, Tata Steel Nederland should prevent vanadium emissions from entering the groundwater. Consequently, a good understanding of blast furnace burden feed material’s microstructural development and phase transformations is required. This thesis aims to investigate how the distribution of vanadium in iron ores changes when these are processed into pellets and how this affects the leaching potential. Therefore, a semi-quantitative approach is applied, using different analytical techniques, including XRD, SEM-EDS, LA-ICP-MS and leaching tests.

The results show that vanadium is initially hosted in the spinel structures of the magnetite iron ores. A secondary melt phase is formed during firing, where the vanadium is partially transferred to from the iron oxides. The amount of vanadium is controlled by the basicity of the pellets and the oxygen fugacity during firing. This melt phase is likely susceptible to vanadium leaching.

In conclusion, this research showed how the distribution of vanadium changed during the pelletization process. Further research is recommended to perform this study on sinter blast furnace feed material, study the influence of the oxygen fugacity in more depth, perform a more extensive leaching study and research how the leaching of vanadium from pellets can be prevented.

Measuring and analyzing the tunnel deformation through convergence measurements and cross-correlation with geological mapping is essential for understanding and controlling tunnel stability, worker safety and predicting failure zones. In order to achieve this, a new device, the so-called GroundProbe GML is tested and analyzed in this study. Currently, the deformation in the Kristineberg mine is measured through conventional techniques, such as the tape extensometer, that are labor intensive and time-consuming. On top of that, the geological mapping is done by visual inspection by experienced geologists. There is no system in place that correlates the geological setting to the deformation of the tunnels. This research aims to explore the possibility to quantify tunnel wall convergence and correlate the movement to geological circumstances. An accuracy analysis is performed, to identify the accuracy of the Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology in comparison to conventional techniques. This analysis is conducted in both a controlled (above-ground) and an uncontrolled (underground) environment and focuses on the use of different targets, i.e. prisms or reflectors, and the difference between continuous and periodic measurements. The fresh rock surfaces are also mapped by means of geological LiDAR data as well as Red-Green-Blue (RGB) image analysis and this is correlated with tunnel wall convergence. This is done to increase the understanding of the impact of the geological setting on the tunnel wall convergence.
The accuracy presented by GroundProbe of _3 mm for periodic measurements is difficult to achieve in an underground environment with mining activity. Especially the deformation of measurement points that are at a more oblique angle to the scanner prove to be difficult to assess. The geological LiDAR data can be used to distinguish different rock types and geological features with limited subjectivity. The transition zones from one rock type to the other become clearly visible from the geological LiDAR data. Additionally, geological features such as joints can be identified when combining LiDAR data with RGB image analysis. The primary promotor of tunnel wall convergence is the hanging wall that pushes down on the foot wall in combination with non-uniform waste rock areas, that are for example split into two sections by a joint. In a tunneling environment where mining activities are conducted, such as the application of shotcrete, scaling, blasting and leveling of the floor, periodic measurements with a LiDAR set-up on a tripod are difficult. One of the main limitations is the absence of stable reference points that the LiDAR scanner uses to determine its XYZ-position. The oblique angle can also be a limiting factor, measurement points closer to the LiDAR scanner provide more reliable results. For continuous measurements however, this proves to be less relevant because the repositioning error can be omitted. The LiDAR scanning technology has the potential to be used as geological mapping tool based on the varying reflectivities of different rock types. By combining LiDAR technology with RGB image analysis, a more thorough understanding of the geological setting can be obtained. By relating this understanding to the quantification of the tunnel wall convergence, this technique can be used to correlate the geology to the movement of the rock mass.