Energy storage systems (ESSs) allow improving the stability and efficiency of the electrical grids with a high penetration of renewable energy sources. Moreover, the use of Hybrid ESSs (HESSs) enables storage solutions with both high-energy and high-power densities, by combining different storage technologies such as diverse battery chemistries, ultracapacitors, or hydrogen fuel cells to name a few. In this article, an HESS-based multioutput multilevel (MOM) converter is presented. The proposed topology enables decoupled control of each ac converter voltage output. The internal switching states further allow the use of different storage units and high-quality multilevel voltage in each ac output. The mathematical model of the proposed topology and the defined operation region of the system, besides a model-predictive control strategy, are developed. Finally, simulation and experimental results validate the performance of the proposed topology.

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Multilevel converters (MLCs) are widely recognized for their exceptional benefits and have emerged as the preferred choice for medium- and high-power/voltage applications. Their usage has also been extended to low-power applications to overcome issues associated with high switching frequencies and electromagnetic interference (EMI) commonly encountered in two-level converters. Common dc-link MLCs have received particular attention in industry due to their ability to eliminate the need for bulky and inefficient transformers and rectifiers, making them a compelling option for different applications, primarily medium- and high-power/voltage applications such as wind turbine (WT) power conversion systems. Furthermore, common dc-link topologies are required for back-to-back (BTB) configurations, as they facilitate the use of a shared dc-link between the rectification and inversion stages. Despite their popularity, there is currently no comprehensive review article dedicated to common dc-link topologies. This article addresses this gap by presenting a comprehensive review of common dc-link MLCs, covering their topological evolution, features, topologies comparison, modulation techniques, control strategies, and industrial application areas. Additionally, future perspectives and recommendations are discussed to provide researchers and engineers with a better understanding of the potential applications and advantages of these converters.

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This paper presents a generalized multilevel direct power control (ML-DPC) scheme for grid-connected multilevel power converters. The proposed method extends the original DPC operating principle by considering only the closest subset of two-level voltage vectors to the present switching state. The implementation of this principle requires the power derivatives for feedback, which can present numerical problems when applied experimentally, mainly due to high measurement noise sensitivity. Therefore, a derivative estimator is proposed based on the converter-grid model in the synchronous reference frame. In addition, a virtual flux observer is developed to achieve synchronization and improve robustness in the presence of grid voltage harmonics. The proposed method is applicable to any multilevel converter topology of any number of levels. In this paper, simulations and experimental results are presented for a seven-level cascaded H-bridge converter.

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This paper presents a new grid connected photovoltaic energy conversion system configuration for large scale power plants. The grid-tied converter is based on a modular multilevel converter using voltage source H-bridge cells. The proposed converter is capable of concentrating a multimegawatt PV plant with distributed string MPPT tracking capability, high power quality and increased efficiency compared to the classic two-level voltage source converters. The main challenge is to handle the inherent power unbalances which may occur, not only between the different cells of one phase of the converter, but also between the three phases. The control strategy to deal with these unbalances is analyzed in this paper. Simulation results for a downsized 7 level MMC composed of 18 H-bridge cells and PV strings are presented to validate the proposed topology and control method.

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Large scale grid connected photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion systems have reached the megawatt level. This imposes new challenges on existing grid interface converter topologies and opens new opportunities to be explored. In this paper a new medium voltage multilevel-multistring configuration is introduced based on a three-phase cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converter and multiple string dc-dc converters. The proposed configuration enables a large increase of the total capacity of the PV system, while improving power quality and efficiency. The converter structure is very flexible and modular since it decouples the grid converter from the PV string converter, which allows to accomplish independent control goals. The main challenge of the proposed configuration is to handle the inherent power imbalances that occur not only between the different cells of one phase of the converter but also between the three phases. The control strategy to deal with these imbalances is also introduced in this paper. Simulation results of a 7-level CHB for a multistring PV system are presented to validate the proposed topology and control method.

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This paper presents a generalized direct power control (DPC) scheme for grid connected multilevel converters. The proposed method extends the original DPC operating principle by considering only for selection the closest vectors to the present switching state. This approach requires the power derivatives for feedback, which can present numerical implementation problems in real time. Therefore a grid virtual flux based observer is proposed to overcome this issue. The proposed method is applicable to any multilevel converter topology of any number of levels. In this paper simulations results are presented for a 9 level cascaded H-bridge converter. The proposed solution enables DPC for multilevel converters used in medium voltage applications while improving overall power quality and efficiency of the system.@en