Humans are embarking on a new era of space exploration with the plan of sending crewed spacecraft beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO), to the Moon, Mars and beyond. NASA is committed to land astronauts on the lunar surface by the year 2024. The goal of NASA's lunar exploration program - Artemis, a collaboration with commercial and international partners including the European Space Agency (ESA), is to establish sustainable exploration by the end of this decade. The plan is to use what is learned on and around the Moon to take the next giant leap, namely sending astronauts to Mars. Activities planned during the Artemis missions, especially in the early phases, involve finding critical resources needed for long-term exploration, and acquiring more knowledge on Moon, Earth and the universe by carrying out experiments. All these activities will involve extensive lunar geological field work, which is orders of magnitude more complex than field geology on Earth. Extravehicular activities (EVAs) will become increasingly more complicated than the tasks executed during the early Artemis missions and generally during human spaceflight missions so far. EVA systems and crewmember skills that currently do not exist will be required. This plan entails many challenges as real-time support from ground control cannot be provided to astronauts who thus need to become more autonomous. Hence, modern human-machine interfaces have to be designed to support astronauts during their deep space missions. Augmented reality (AR) and the internet-of-things (IoT) are changing the way industries work, especially AR has found application for space applications, specifically for procedural work. Nevertheless, only one AR space-related study focused on the use of AR for future human planetary exploration, namely on navigation and traverse planning. While cuff-checklists guided Apollo astronauts on the Moon, wrist displays and tablets represent the standard tools during today's astronaut analog planetary EVA missions. However, these are often operationally unfeasible as crew has to handle several tools simultaneously and/or repeatedly look at the display and thus gets distracted from the surroundings leading to a potential loss of situational awareness, affecting their safety. Based on the research that is currently being performed on IoT technologies in combination with AR for visualisation and enhanced situational awareness purposes, the benefits obtained through the use of these technologies applied to future human planetary EVAs, more specifically geological site inspections, were explored in this research. The AR-IoT surface exploration tool developed for this research introduces a new approach for astronauts to carry out geological site inspections. The tool enables hands-free operations such as data logging, detailed photo-documentation, taking site coordinates, descriptions of sites through the presence of a verbal “field notebook”, as well as mapping and highlighting features during a traverse by creating waypoints, while providing crew with suit diagnostics. A user-centered design method was adopted to design the AR-IoT tool deployed on the Microsoft HoloLens. This highly iterative design process involved two to three expert reviews for each of the first three concepts, and three heuristic evaluations for the fourth concept until the subsequent generation of the first prototype. Key usability and user interaction aspects, pertinent capabilities determining the adoption of innovative interfaces, essential insights into future human-machine interaction and design requirements for AR meant for EVA astronauts were gathered through semi-structured interviews held with four ESA astronauts and astronaut geological field activities experts. The interviews together with the qualitative and quantitative data collected through the questionnaires were then used to assess the usability of the AR-IoT tool. Moreover, these data provided with additional knowledge on user-centered design AR studies in general but also and particularly on user-centered AR space-related studies. Valuable insights into interface design and user interaction aspects were gained. Results from the qualitative content analysis of the interviews stressed the importance of user satisfaction (32% of 139 quotes) as a usability aspect. Key design factors identified were: displaying solely important information in the field-of-view while adjusting it to the user's visual acuity, easy usage, simplicity, helpfulness and extensibility. User interaction was the second most mentioned (24% of 139 quotes) aspect. While multimodal interaction was considered feasible, no conclusions could be drawn on the most suitable combination of inputs. Nonetheless, most experts defined voice the most intuitive input. Based on the positive feedback from ESA astronauts and other experts, the AR-IoT proof of concept proved to be a potentially usable tool for future geological site inspection activities. The AR-IoT tool is therefore a promising asset for analogue training missions, such as Caves & Pangaea, and in the future for lunar geological field work. While limitations in both research and design are outlined, a set of recommendations aimed at warranting future testing and development of a more advanced AR-IoT tool for astronaut geological field activities is provided.

Pioneering in the aviation is dangerous, but its rewards might be worthwhile. What if the fuselage shape is challenged to be non-circular? A better volume efficiency, easier loading and a new perception of the future aircraft are within reach, but at what costs? Carry-on luggage is expected to increase in the future. Does that result in a new fuselage shape? This report shows the design process of a 200 passenger aircraft while challenging the fuselage shape and its material. Market analysis showed a great demand for sustainable, single aisle aircraft. The current competitors are the Airbus A320neo, Boeing 737MAX-8 and the Airbus A321neo. With the use of system engineering tools, such as a functional breakdown structure, a functional flow diagram and a budget breakdown, a conceptual design was constructed: the A342 Beeblebrox. It purpose is to be able to outperform state-of-the-art aircraft and remain competitive for the next 50 years. Therefore the propulsion & performance, the electronics and the control & stability were designed to surpass the current aviation standard. To this end, off the shelf geared turbofan engines are used because it has a surpassing specific fuel consumption (SFC) and an overall good performance. The A342 is slightly more stable and controllable, because of its longer fuselage length but its overall tail size is similar to the A321neo. The A342 is an All-Electric-Aircraft to reduce subsystem and fuel weight. Its accessabillity is comparable to state-of-the-art aircraft. The maintainability is slightly worse, because of the revolutionary fuselage shape, that requires more frequent checking. The direct operating costs were calculated to be comparable with the A320neo. And because the A342 can carry more payload over longer distances, this ensures its ability to outperform other aircraft. The interior is designed such to maximise volume efficiency per passenger. This defined the inner boundaries for the fuselage cross-section, for which a lightweight structure was created. From the pressurisation requirement, it follows, both analytically and using a finite element method, that rounder shapes cope better with stresses. However, the elliptical shapes might still be an option. An elliptical shape was calculated to be roughly 1500 kg heavier than the circular of the same material. The fuselage material will consist mainly of CFRP and AFRP (Carbon/Aramid Fibre Reinforced Plastics), due to their high strength and low density. For the aerodynamics of the fuselage Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation software (CFD) was used to calculate the pressure. Subsequently, the drag was calculated analytically. It can be seen that squarish fuselages decrease the wetted area which reduces the drag. The elliptical shape has an increased L/D-ratio (Lift over Drag ratio) of 2%. The final conceptual design of the A342 Beeblebrox is a 6-abreast single aisle airliner, featuring an elliptical fuselage shape with conventional tail, better SFC and all electric systems. Each passenger has 0.107 m3 overhead luggage storage and 0.05 m3 checked-in luggage. Finally, it can be concluded that the elliptical shape is feasible to compete with state-of-the-art aircraft.