Abstract: An automatic particle imaging velocimetry (Auto-PIV) measuring technique was developed based on the external triggering and automatic control technology. Measurements of the DrivAer model wake were performed using Auto-PIV in the spanwise and vertical direction. Three-dimensional time-averaged velocity distribution was reconstructed and the spatial distribution of the large coherent structures was described. The results indicate that regions with high velocity fluctuations mainly locate at the shear layer of the upper and lower edge of the recirculation bubble. Further proper orthogonal decomposition results show that the velocity fluctuations account for a very little proportion of kinetic energy compared with the time-averaged velocity, supporting that the DrivAer model has steady aerodynamic characteristics. The smooth outlines of the DrivAer notchback model can delay the flow separation on the top and the C-pillar of the model, which inhibits the formation of the back recirculation bubble at the rear window and reduces the size of the recirculation bubble behind the baggage compartment. These promote the pressure recovery at the rear of the DrivAer notchback model, and thus reduces the pressure drag. At the rear of the model, the airflow on both sides converges towards the center due to the pressure difference, producing the streamwise vorticity by shearing the baggage compartment, then separates at the rear of the baggage compartment and generates a pair of secondary vortices. Overall, the aerodynamic behavior of the DrivAer model is robust. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

In this Letter, the velocity structures and the extension behavior of localized turbulent bands in channel flows are measured by particle image velocimetry in a plane parallel to the walls and are analyzed by comparing with direct numerical simulations at low Reynolds numbers. It is illustrated that the convection velocity of the band head (band's downstream end) is not determined by the formation and propagation of low-speed streaks but by a high-speed "hat"shaped region near the band head. This "hat"region travels downstream obliquely like a solitary wave and leaves newly generated low-speed streaks to travel slowly in the spanwise direction, leading to the head extension of turbulent bands.

The intermittent distribution of localized turbulent structures is a key feature of the subcritical transitions in channel flows, which are studied in this paper with a wind channel and theoretical modeling. Entrance disturbances are introduced by small beads, and localized turbulent patches can be triggered at low Reynolds numbers (Re). High turbulence intensity represents strong ability of perturbation spread, and a maximum turbulence intensity is found for every test case as Re ≥ 950, where the turbulence fraction increases abruptly with Re. Skewness can reflect the velocity defects of localized turbulent patches and is revealed to become negative when Re is as low as about 660. It is shown that the third-order moments of the midplane streamwise velocities have minima, while the corresponding forth-order moments have maxima during the transition. These kinematic extremes and different variation scenarios of the friction coefficient during the transition are explained with an intermittent structure model, where the robust localized turbulent structure is simplified as a turbulence unit, a structure whose statistical properties are only weak functions of the Reynolds number.

The wake of polygonal cylinders with side number N = 2 ∼ ∞ is systematically studied based on fluid force, hot-wire, particle image velocimetry and flow visualisation measurements. Each cylinder is examined for two orientations, with a flat surface or a corner leading and facing normally to the free stream. The Reynolds number Re is 1:0 × 10⁴ × 1:0 × 10⁵, based on the longitudinally projected cylinder width. The time-averaged drag coefficient C_D and fluctuating lift coefficient on these cylinders are documented, along with the characteristic properties including the Strouhal number St, flow separation point and angle θ_s, wake width and critical Reynolds number Re_c at which the transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurs. It is found that once N exceeds 12, Re_c depends on the difference between the inner diameter (tangent to the faces) and the outer diameter (connecting corners) of a polygon, the relationship being approximately given by the dependence of Re_c on the height of the roughness elements for a circular cylinder. It is further found that C_D versus ξ or St versus ξ for all the tested cases collapse onto a single curve, where the angle ξ is the corrected θ_s associated with the laterally widest point of the polygon and the separation point. Finally, the empirical correlation between C_D and St is discussed.

Wake structures and vortex induced vibration (VIV) of a spring-supported wide-D-section cylinder were experimentally investigated using an X-wire, a novel phase-locked particle image velocimetry (PIV), and an acceleration sensor at a low speed wind tunnel. Compared with the fixed case, the 2P (two pair) vortex mode as defined by Govardhan and Williamson (2000) rather than S (single vortex) mode exists in the wake. The velocity deficit behind the cylinder is much larger than that of fixed case. The mean drag coefficient increases from 1.42 for the fixed case to 1.64 for the vibrating case. The Reynolds stress presents even distribution and small with increased distance of X/. D=. -. 2 to X/. D=. -. 10. The power spectra density based on accelerator and hot wire data presents a highlight identical. It shows that after a strong interaction the cylinder vibration and the vortex shedding come to a stable state. The vortex shedding is totally locked on and controlled by the cylinder vibration.