Title
A sustainable battery scheduling and echelon utilization framework for electric bus network with photovoltaic charging infrastructure
Author
Liu, Xiaohan (Beihang University)
Shang, Wen Long (Beijing University of Technology; Beijing Jiaotong University; Imperial College London)
Correia, Gonçalo (TU Delft Transport and Planning) 
Liu, Zhengke (Beihang University)
Ma, Xiaolei (Beihang University; Ministry of Education Hangzhou)
Date
2023
Abstract
Battery capacity degradation in battery electric buses (BEBs) poses a significant operational challenge for transit agencies. This study presents a sustainable battery scheduling and echelon utilization framework considering battery capacity fading and charging infrastructure integrated with solar photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage systems. The framework aims to minimize the sum of bus charging, battery replacement, and carbon emission costs during the BEB lifespan. We first present a power battery replacement problem for a single bus fleet, then extend it to a joint power battery replacement and fleet-depot matching problem. Finally, we propose a power battery replacement and fleet-depot problem by introducing solar PV and energy storage systems. Dynamic programming, Lagrange relaxation, and a two-step approach are adopted to solve the three problems. A case study involving six bus depots in Beijing demonstrates that optimal battery replacement schedules can significantly lower charging costs. Moreover, integrating solar PV and energy storage is shown to considerably reduce both charging costs and carbon emissions.
Subject
Battery capacity degradation
Dynamic programming
Energy storage system
Public transport
Solar energy
To reference this document use:
http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:6f6a1c63-4362-46bb-a7f9-1417ff52a3ad
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.105108
Embargo date
2024-06-19
ISSN
2210-6707
Source
Sustainable Cities and Society, 101
Bibliographical note
Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.
Part of collection
Institutional Repository
Document type
journal article
Rights
© 2023 Xiaohan Liu, Wen Long Shang, Gonçalo Correia , Zhengke Liu, Xiaolei Ma